“…As adversaries in the War on Drugs street-based PWID have been subject to targeted policing strategies and harsh mandatory sentences. This decades-long conflict has disproportionately affected poor and minority communities (Alexander, 2012; Bluthenthal, Lorvick, Kral, Erringer, & Kahn, 1999; Cooper, 2015; Corva, 2008; Flath, Tobin, King, Lee, & Latkin, 2017; Moore & Elkavich, 2008; Wacquant, 2009, 2010). Beginning in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the War on Drugs was augmented by Broken Windows and zero tolerance policies for policing poor communities—strategies that rely on controlling space and preventing an escalation in crime through increased surveillance and vigorous enforcement of minor offenses (Mitchell, 2010; Smith, 2001).…”