Senescence and autophagy relation with the expressional status of non-canonical estrogen receptors in testes and adrenals of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) during the pre-rut period

Is membrane androgen and estrogen receptor signaling imperative in the governing function of the adrenal cortex in the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber L.)?

“…In feminizing adrenal tumors, the mechanism of estrogen production has been proposed to be due to either peripheral aromatization of androgens or estrogen production from the tumor itself (Phornphutkul et al, 2001). There are poor number of studies, including ours, reported regulatory roles and/or mutual interactions of adrenal estrogen signaling through both canonical and noncanonical estrogen receptors for males (Lagunas et al, 2022;Pacwa et al, 2018;Pawlicki et al, 2023;Trejter et al, 2015). Pharmacological blockage of androgen and GPER estrogen signaling leads to permanent modifications of the neuroendocrine functions of the pituitary and adrenal glands in the adulthood of both sexes (Lagunas et al, 2022).…”

“…The research are related mainly to the adrenals of mice and rats, including in vitro systems where the mostly adrenal development and stress responses were analyzed (Abou Nader et al, 2022; Aşır et al, 2022; Bornstein et al, 2004; Friedrich et al, 2021; Zheng et al, 2022). In wild animals, adrenal gland physiology was studied scarcely by us and others (Barszcz et al, 2016; Ekele et al, 2014; Kotula‐Balak et al, 2023; Olukole et al, 2016; Pawlicki et al, 2023; Sabbi et al, 2020). Here in the examined Eurasian beavers anatomy and histology of adrenals in both females and males were typical, without signs of perturbations.…”

“…The use of a novel mouse model with a specific ablation of AR in the adrenal cortex (Ad‐ARKO), together with a reduction of circulating androgen levels by castration, confirmed that AR‐signaling is required to facilitate X‐zone regression and to protect against adrenal degeneration during aging (Gannon et al, 2019). Of note, until now, ZIP9 was studied in male gonad or breast cancer and its role in cellular processes, for example, apoptosis, senescence, hypoplasia, and cancer cell migration, were demonstrated (Berg et al, 2014; Chen et al, 2020; Taniguchi et al, 2013; Thomas et al, 2014; Profaska‐Szymik et al, 2020; Pawlicki et al, 2023). Additionally, our last studies established that ZIP9 signaling could be regulated by testosterone, Zn 2+ , and selenium ions in mouse and rabbit adrenals that may participate in hyperplasia occurrence (Wieczorek et al, 2023).…”

“…Till now, only a small portion of studies including ours, focused on the sex hormone regulation of the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex expresses all estrogen receptor subtypes, both canonical and noncanonical (Caroccia et al, 2016; Pacwa et al, 2018; Pawlicki et al, 2023; Trejter et al, 2015). In this gland, estrogens are especially involved in the regulation of cell proliferation or aldosterone synthesis (Caroccia et al, 2016).…”

Seasonal variations of testis anatomy and of G‐coupled oestrogen receptor 1 expression in Gerbillus gerbillus

“…According to Zarzycka et al, 2016, GPER1 expression was higher during the long days (long photoperiods) compared with the short days (short photoperiods), which suggests that GPER1 regulates seasonal testis activity (Zarzycka et al, 2016), while in our study, the breeding season is during the short days of winter and is associated with food availability. In the roe deer bucks, the expression of the GPER1 was similar in the testis compared with the adrenal gland during the pre‐rut period (Pawlicki et al, 2023). Leydig cells were weakly marked, and testosterone levels were higher than oestrogen levels.…”