Sending Out Alarms: A Perspective on Intercellular Communications in Insect Antiviral Immune Response

Wang, Fei

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.613729

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…The high prevalence of both viruses in Gmm is in agreement with a previous study [43]. The asymptomatic infection implies sublethal replication and the ability of these viruses to silence or evade the immune system, likely through mechanisms such as apoptosis or miRNAs [75][76][77]. Prevalence in the whole population (and possibly all tissues, as our investigations were on the RNA extracted from the whole fly body) concurs with a previous study where both viruses were found in all sample pools of investigated tissues [43].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Evaluating the Effect of Irradiation on the Densities of Two RNA Viruses in Glossina morsitans morsitans

Mirieri

Abd-Alla

Ros

et al. 2023

Insects

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Tsetse flies are cyclic vectors of Trypanosoma parasites, which cause debilitating diseases in humans and animals. To decrease the disease burden, the number of flies is reduced using the sterile insect technique (SIT), where male flies are sterilized through irradiation and released into the field. This procedure requires the mass rearing of high-quality male flies able to compete with wild male flies for mating with wild females. Recently, two RNA viruses, an iflavirus and a negevirus, were discovered in mass-reared Glossina morsitans morsitans and named GmmIV and GmmNegeV, respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the densities of these viruses in tsetse flies are affected by the irradiation treatment. Therefore, we exposed tsetse pupae to various doses (0–150 Gy) of ionizing radiation, either in air (normoxia) or without air (hypoxia), for which oxygen was displaced by nitrogen. Pupae and/or emerging flies were collected immediately afterwards, and at three days post irradiation, virus densities were quantified through RT-qPCR. Generally, the results show that irradiation exposure had no significant impact on the densities of GmmIV and GmmNegeV, suggesting that the viruses are relatively radiation-resistant, even at higher doses. However, sampling over a longer period after irradiation would be needed to verify that densities of these insect viruses are not changed by the sterilisation treatment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Evaluating the Effect of Irradiation on the Densities of Two RNA Viruses in Glossina morsitans morsitans

Mirieri

Abd-Alla

Ros

et al. 2023

Insects

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“…Total RNA was extracted from different tissues using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, USA), and cDNA was synthesized using TransScript One-Step gDNA Removal and cDNA Synthesis SuperMix (TransGen Biotech, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Using the prepared cDNA as a template, the qTOWER 3 Real-Time PCR Thermal Cycler System (Analytik Jena, Germany) and SYBR Green Kit (TaKaRa Bio, Japan) were used for RT-PCR according to the manufacturer's instructions. The housekeeping Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) gene of B. mori was used as an internal reference gene.…”

Section: Quantitative Real Time Pcr (Rt-qpcr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Insects are a major group of arthropods, and the most diverse, numerous, and widely distributed group of animals on Earth. During their evolutionary process, insects have evolved a complex and efficient innate immune system to resist pathogen invasion [1][2][3]. Their immune system comprises interconnected cellular and humoral responses, including phagocytosis, encapsulation, activation of proteolytic cascades, activation of prophenoloxidase (proPO), and synthesis of potent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serpin-1a and serpin-6 regulate the Toll pathway immune homeostasis by synergistically inhibiting the Spätzle-processing enzyme CLIP2 in silkworm, Bombyx mori

Liu,

Xu,

Wang

et al. 2023

PLoS Pathog

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The Toll receptor signaling pathway is an important innate immune response of insects to pathogen infection; its extracellular signal transduction involves serine protease cascade activation. However, excessive or constitutive activation of the Toll pathway can be detrimental. Hence, the balance between activation and inhibition of the extracellular protease cascade must be tightly regulated to achieve favorable outcomes. Previous studies have shown that serpins—serine protease inhibitors—negatively regulate insect innate immunity by inhibiting extracellular protease cascade signaling. Although the roles of serpins in insect innate immunity are well described, the physiological mechanisms underlying their synergistic effects remain poorly understand. Here, we characterize the molecular mechanism by which serpin-1a and serpin-6 synergistically maintain immune homeostasis of the silkworm Toll pathway under physiological and pathological conditions. Through in vitro biochemical assays and in vivo bioassays, we demonstrate that clip-domain serine protease 2 (CLIP2), as the Toll cascade-activating terminal protease, is responsible for processing proSpätzle1 to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides. Further biochemical and genetic analyses indicate that constitutively expressed serpin-1a and inducible serpin-6 synergistically target CLIP2 to maintain homeostasis of the silkworm Toll pathway under physiological and pathological conditions. Taken together, this study provides new insights into the precise regulation of Toll cascade activation signals in insect innate immune responses and highlights the importance and complexity of insect immune homeostasis regulation.

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“…• In silico: 6 siRNAs were designed using bioinformatics tools and effectively inhibited their respective targets in prediction tools Ayyagari (2022) 5′UTR, RdPd, Helicase Frontiers in Drug Discovery frontiersin.org differentiation, and in some animals (e.g., mosquitoes), it participates in the immune response against viral genetic material (Siomi & Siomi, 2009;Wang, 2021). In fact, RNAi has been studied as a therapeutic platform for treating various genetic diseases, cancers and antiviral therapy (Sidahmed et al, 2014;Kristen et al, 2019;Kara et al, 2022).…”

Section: Sars-cov2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lessons that can be learned from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and their impact on the prophylaxis and treatment development for neglected tropical arboviruses

Rosa-Nunes,

Lucchi,

Andreata-Santos

et al. 2023

Front. Drug Discov.

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In the 21st Century, emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases is significant and has an increasing importance in global concern of public health. Based on the COVID-19 pandemic and recently reported epidemics, most human pathogens originate in zoonosis. Many of such pathogens are related to viruses that have RNA genomes, which can be presented structurally as a single-strand or double-strand. During the last two decades, a timeline of major RNA viruses emergencies can be exemplified, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003, influenza A virus (H1N1) pdm09 in 2009, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, Ebola virus (EBOV) in 2013–2016, Zika virus (ZIKV) in 2015 and the SARS-CoV-2 pdm19 in 2019. Even so, prophylactic or therapeutic drugs are unavailable for many RNA viruses circulating. Nonetheless, the COVID-19 pandemic brought considerable scientific advances in accelerating progress regarding prophylaxis, antiviral and drug development, and novel treatments. Regarding RNA virus diseases for humans, arboviruses play an essential and neglected role, constantly reemerging and affecting almost half of the human population, for which no drug has been licensed. Here we review the consolidated RNA viruses’ emergence and re-emergence in the 21st Century through available data. Then, we explored valuable lessons gained during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and focused on potential epidemiologic updates, prophylaxis, available treatments, and viral drug inhibitors. Finally, we explore arbovirus’s significance and the ongoing development of effective vaccines, antiviral drugs, and novel therapeutic approaches as strategies to control these neglected tropical diseases (NTD).

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Sending Out Alarms: A Perspective on Intercellular Communications in Insect Antiviral Immune Response

Cited by 4 publications

References 81 publications

Evaluating the Effect of Irradiation on the Densities of Two RNA Viruses in Glossina morsitans morsitans

Evaluating the Effect of Irradiation on the Densities of Two RNA Viruses in Glossina morsitans morsitans

Serpin-1a and serpin-6 regulate the Toll pathway immune homeostasis by synergistically inhibiting the Spätzle-processing enzyme CLIP2 in silkworm, Bombyx mori

Lessons that can be learned from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and their impact on the prophylaxis and treatment development for neglected tropical arboviruses

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