Semipersistent Transmission of Viruses by Vectors with Special Emphasis on Citrus Tristeza Virus

Raccah, B.; Roistacher, C. N.; Barbagallo, S.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3292-6_11

“…The largest group of semipersistently transmitted plant viruses are the closteroviruses (Candresse & Martelli, 1995;Nault, 1997) which are transmitted by three families within the homopteran suborder Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae, Aleyrodidae, and Pseudococcidae (Nault, 1997). Each specific closterovirus is transmitted by only one or a limited number of vector species within the same insect family (Raccah et al, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Semipersistently transmitted plant viruses are responsible for some of the most economically important diseases of cultivated crops, yet this group has received less attention in the scientific literature than nonpersistently and persistently transmitted plant viruses (Raccah et al,1989). For a detailed description of transmission characteristics for nonpersistently, persistently, and semipersistently transmitted viruses, see Nault (1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stylet penetration behavior resulting in inoculation of a semipersistently transmitted closterovirus by the whitefly Bemisia argentifolii

Johnson

¹

,

Walker

²

,

Creamer

³

2002

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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The electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique was used to determine what part of stylet penetration behavior by the whitefly vector, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), is lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV) inoculated in the host plant Malva parviflora L. LCV is a semipersistently-transmitted closterovirus. Since closteroviruses generally are found in the phloem of their plant hosts, this study tested the hypothesis that virus inoculation occurs during the phloem phase of stylet penetration behavior. Virus-exposed whiteflies were allowed to feed on uninfected host plants, and the whiteflies were divided into two experimental groups: group 1 attained phloem phase on the uninfected plants, and group 2 did not attain phloem phase. Two series of tests were conducted, one where whiteflies were manipulated so that the amount of time spent in non-phloem phase stylet penetration behaviors was similar between group 1 and group 2, and a second series of tests where whiteflies were manipulated so that the number of intracellular punctures made during stylet penetration was similar between group 1 and group 2. Both series of tests indicated that virus inoculation took place primarily during phloem phase. Considering only individual whiteflies shown to be capable of transmitting virus, 11 of 23 whiteflies (48%) in the phloem phase treatment successfully inoculated the virus whereas only one of 19 whiteflies (5%) in the non-phloem phase treatment successfully inoculated the virus (P = 0.00008).

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“…Maize chlorotic dwarf virus is semipersistently transmitted by leafhoppers and is considered to have helper components. Lack of vector transmissibility of purified virions led to the speculation that a helper is needed also for transmission of carlaviruses and closteroviruses (Raccah et al, 1990). See also: Closteroviridae; Invertebrates and Fungi in Plant Virus Diseases (Fereres and Collar, 2001) Electronic devices can distinguish between the intercellular and intracellular environments, which makes it possible to know when the plant cell membranes are punctured by the insect stylets.…”

Section: Caulimovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Virus Transmission by Insects

Fereres

¹

,

Raccah

²

2015

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Most plant viruses depend on insect vectors for their survival, transmission and spread. They transmit plant viruses by two principal modes, circulative (circulating through the insect's haemocoel, CV) and non‐circulative (carried on the cuticle lining of mouthparts or foregut, NC). Transmissibility and specificity between NC viruses and their vectors depends on the coat protein (CP) of the virus in addition to virus‐encoded helper proteins. Circulative viruses cross the gut, circulate in the haemocoel and cross the salivary glands to render the insect infective. Circulative luteoviruses depend on small CP and the read‐through protein (RTD) for transmission. Electrical penetration graphs have provided evidence on insect feeding behaviour and virus transmission. Recently, studies have shown that viruses can modify vector behaviour in a way that transmission is enhanced. Cultural, physical and novel biotechnological tools can provide virus control by interfering with vector landing and the retention of viruses in their vectors. Key Concepts Most plant viruses rely on insect vectors for survival, transmission and spread. Aphids and whiteflies are by far the most important insects transmitting plant viruses. Some plant viruses are associated to the cuticle of the insect mouthparts (non‐circulative), whereas others are retained in the salivary glands after they circulate through the insect's body (circulative). Some non‐circulative viruses are retained in the common duct of the aphid's maxillary stylets and are inoculated by salivation during brief superficial intracellular probes. Circulative viruses are inoculated during salivation stylet activities in phloem sieve elements. Recent findings in the nature of insect proteins involved in the retention of virus or virus‐encoded helper proteins will help to develop new molecules to interfere with the transmission process.

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“…In addition, Maize chlorotic dwarf virus is semi-persistently transmitted by leafhoppers and is considered to have HCs (cited in the study by Hull, 1994). Lack of vector transmissibility of purified virions led to the speculation that a helper is needed for transmission of carlaviruses and closteroviruses (Raccah et al, 1990).…”

Section: Caulimovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Virus Transmission by Insects

Raccah

¹

2001

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

Self Cite

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Most plant viruses depend on insect vectors for their survival, transmission and spread. They transmit plant viruses by two principal modes, circulative (circulating through the insect's haemocoel, CV) and non-circulative (carried on the cuticle lining of mouthparts or foregut, NC). Transmissibility and specificity between NC viruses and their vectors depends on the coat protein (CP) of the virus in addition to virus-encoded helper proteins. Circulative viruses cross the gut, circulate in the haemocoel and cross the salivary glands to render the insect infective. Circulative luteoviruses depend on small CP and the read-through protein (RTD) for transmission. Electrical penetration graphs have provided evidence on insect feeding behaviour and virus transmission. Recently, studies have shown that viruses can modify vector behaviour in a way that transmission is enhanced. eLS subject area: Virology

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Semipersistent Transmission of Viruses by Vectors with Special Emphasis on Citrus Tristeza Virus

Cited by 13 publications

References 75 publications

Stylet penetration behavior resulting in inoculation of a semipersistently transmitted closterovirus by the whitefly Bemisia argentifolii

Stylet penetration behavior resulting in inoculation of a semipersistently transmitted closterovirus by the whitefly Bemisia argentifolii

Plant Virus Transmission by Insects

Plant Virus Transmission by Insects

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