Seminar on Geology of Rajasthan – Status and Perspective

Kataria, Poonam

doi:10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70168-4

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…As described in the introduction, metamorphic rocks are spatially distributed in the region of NW Indian (Rajasthan), from amphibolite facies of medium-grade metamorphism in the west to granulite facies of high-grade metamorphism in the east, which support the theory of the geological formation of inclusion assemblage in garnets and their probable deposition in the Rajasthan area [33]. Similar rock formations can also be found in parts of East India (Garibpet deposit), where according to Schmetzer et al (2017) [31], garnets were also excavated in Late Antique times and traded to the west.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Concerning the geological origin of garnets and their deposits, they are all vastly characterised by various metamorphic rocks of different ages (Precambrian to younger). The Indian deposits are geologically characterised by various rocks of amphibolite to granulite facies (e.g., different types of schists, gneiss and amphibolites) formed during mediumto high-grade metamorphism, which can provide almandines and pyropes of various chemical compositions [33,34]. The island of Sri Lanka is formed of various Precambrian metamorphic rocks (e.g., granulites, gneiss, schists, and quartzite), while intact garnet crystals can be often found in alluvial deposits originating from these rocks [35].…”

Section: Group Composition Of An End Member Inclusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Raman Microspectroscopy of Garnets from S-Fibulae from the Archaeological Site Lajh (Slovenia)

2020

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Garnets (19 pieces) of Late Antique S-fibulae from the archaeological site at Lajh-Kranj (Slovenia) were analysed with Raman microspectroscopy to obtain their mineral characteristic, including inclusion assemblage. Most garnets were determined as almandines Type I of pyralspite solid solution series; however, three garnets showed a higher Mg, Mn and Ca contents and were determined as almandines Type II. Most significant Raman bands were determined in the range of 169–173 cm−1 (T(X2+)), 346–352 cm−1 (R(SiO4)), 557–559 cm−1 (ν2), 633–637 cm−1 (ν4), 917–919 cm−1 (ν1), and 1042–1045 cm−1 (ν3). Shifting of certain Raman bands toward higher frequencies was the result of an increase of the Mg content in the garnet composition, which also indicates the presence of pyrope end member in solid garnet solutions. Inclusions of apatite, quartz, mica, magnetite, ilmenite, as well as inclusions with pleochroic or radiation halo and tension fissures (zircon), were found in most of the garnets. Rutile and sillimanite were found only in garnets with the highest pyrope content. Spherical inclusions were also observed in two garnets, which may indicate the presence of melt or gas residues. The determined inclusion assemblage indicates the formation of garnets during medium- to high-grade metamorphism of amphibolite or granulite facies. According to earlier investigations of the garnets from Late Antique jewellery, the investigated garnets are believed to originate from India.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Group Composition Of An End Member Inclusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Microspectroscopy of Garnets from S-Fibulae from the Archaeological Site Lajh (Slovenia)

2020

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“…The transition from amphibolite to granulite facies rocks, which include diverse types of schists, gneiss, and amphibolites, formed almandines and pyropes with various chemical compositions. For this reason, it is assumed that these stones could have originated in India, as they fit the geological description and findings of gem garnets from Indian deposits [15][16][17]. Alluvial deposits derived from the Precambrian metamorphic rocks that make up the island of Sri Lanka, such as granulites, gneiss, schists, and quartzite, frequently include developed jewellery-quality crystals [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A non-destructive analytical study of cultural heritage object from Late Antiquity: gold framework and gemstone inlays

Hanus¹,

Sobek

Souček

et al. 2023

Herit Sci

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Recently found historical jewellery (Czech Republic) was subjected to detailed analyses to determine the gem inlays and the gold framework in which they are embedded. Such find fits into European jewellery archaeological artefacts containing similar stones from around the fifth century CE. The gemstones were analysed with optical microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy to determine their mineralogical characteristics and to find out typical structural-chemical differences based on which their provenance can be found. The results of this measurement discovered two main types of minerals from the garnet group, almandine and pyrope, where pyropes have been identified as Bohemian garnets thanks to the typical photoluminescence (PL) of chromium and vanadium impurities. The craftsmanship and processing of the goldsmith work were studied using X-ray computed tomography. Such a technique is an excellent contribution for detecting and visualising the internal parts hidden behind the placement of the stones. For this reason, 3D visualisation was used to describe and better understand all preserved parts. According to this object's very high cultural and historical value, the chosen methods are suitable for non-destructive study while proving to be essential to deepen our knowledge in archaeometric investigations focused on jewellery from Late Antiquity (with possible application to the jewellery from other periods). Based on the findings presented in this study, it is one of the world's oldest documented items using Bohemian garnets in jewellery. These findings underscore the tremendous economic and political importance of Bohemian garnet mineral resources altogether, with a second completely different type of garnet believed to have originated in distant India or Sri Lanka that was used in jewellery across Europe in Late Antiquity.

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Seminar on Geology of Rajasthan – Status and Perspective

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Raman Microspectroscopy of Garnets from S-Fibulae from the Archaeological Site Lajh (Slovenia)

Raman Microspectroscopy of Garnets from S-Fibulae from the Archaeological Site Lajh (Slovenia)

A non-destructive analytical study of cultural heritage object from Late Antiquity: gold framework and gemstone inlays

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