“…In addition, they suffer from several downsides, including the noises produced due to the optical amplification, the ripples in their gain spectrum, and amplification nonlinearity [108][109][110] . The major noise component is attributed to the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) of photons towards the input and output of an SOA 110,111 . Therefore, the build-up of ASE noise due to the cascade degrades the SNR of the optical signal reaching the output 108,110 .…”
“…In addition, they suffer from several downsides, including the noises produced due to the optical amplification, the ripples in their gain spectrum, and amplification nonlinearity [108][109][110] . The major noise component is attributed to the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) of photons towards the input and output of an SOA 110,111 . Therefore, the build-up of ASE noise due to the cascade degrades the SNR of the optical signal reaching the output 108,110 .…”
Digital accelerators in the latest generation of complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor processes support, multiply, and accumulate (MAC) operations at energy efficiencies spanning 10–100 fJ/Op. However, the operating speed for such MAC operations is often limited to a few hundreds of MHz. Optical or optoelectronic MAC operations on today’s SOI-based silicon photonic integrated circuit platforms can be realized at a speed of tens of GHz, leading to much lower latency and higher throughput. In this Perspective, we study the energy efficiency of integrated silicon photonic MAC circuits based on Mach–Zehnder modulators and microring resonators. We describe the bounds on energy efficiency and scaling limits for N × N optical networks with today’s technology based on the optical and electrical link budget. We also describe research directions that can overcome the current limitations.
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