Semiconductor Nanowire‐Based Cellular and Subcellular Interfaces

Abstract

The highly intricate structures of biological systems make the precise probing of biological behaviors at the cellular‐level particularly difficult. As an advanced toolset capable of exploring diverse biointerfaces, high‐aspect‐ratio nanowires stand out with their unique mechanical, optical, and electrical properties. Specifically, semiconductor nanowires show much promise in their tunability and feasibility for synthesis and fabrication. Thus far, semiconductor nanowires have shown favorable results in deciphering biological communications and translating this cellular language through the nanowire‐based biointerfaces. In this perspective, the synthesis and fabrication methods for different kinds of nanowires and nanowire‐based structures are first surveyed. Next, several cellular‐level nanowire‐enabled applications in biophysical dynamics probing, physiological or biochemical sensing, and biological activity modulation are highlighted. Then, the progress of functionalized nanowires in drug delivery and bioenergy production is reviewed. Finally, the current limitations of nanowires and an outlook into the next generation of nanowire‐based devices at the biointerfaces are concluded.

Perspectives on tissue-like bioelectronics for neural modulation

“…To address this gap, researchers have utilized rigid materials, such as semiconductor nanowires, to achieve cellular or sub-cellular interfaces. 11 Through the fabrication of three-dimensional electronic networks that mimic neuron structure and mechanical properties, devices have been developed that possess a bending stiffness that is 5–20 times less than conventional probes. 71 These devices are constructed from a polymer/metal/polymer structure with a thickness of 0.9 μm, and feature a thin layer of polymer insulation that mimics the myelin sheath.…”

“…Material differences between these devices and their target tissues create a mechanical mismatch. 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 …”

Exploring Present and Future Directions in Nano-Enhanced Optoelectronic Neuromodulation

“…Toward nanoenabled biological modulation, our laboratory has established the design principles for nanobiointerfaces utilizing Si-based nanomaterials (Figure a). ,,− The inherent biocompatibility of silicon nanostructures, coupled with their modifiable electrical and optical characteristics, facilitates precise targeting of either individual cells or specific subcellular structures. Si’s intrinsic properties, notably its capacity for light absorption and subsequent energy conversion through either photothermal, capacitive, or Faradaic processes, are of paramount importance at the neuron–material interface.…”

A comprehensive review on the biomedical frontiers of nanowire applications

“…Because the techniques and active ingredients employed in personalized medicine are focused on understanding the aberrant mechanisms behind the disease and then selecting the appropriate medication, it can assist improve the efficacy of the cancer treatment process [ 518 ]. Micro-nano motors, a significant subset of nanowire motors (NW-Ms), are driving the swift advancement of environmental regulation and burgeoning biomedicine [ 519 ]. Flexible sensors are becoming increasingly used in industrial and medical applications as a kind of essential branch of flexible electronics.…”