Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogel Blend Microspheres of Gelatin and Hydroxyethyl Cellulose for Controlled Release of Theophylline

Abstract

Semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) hydrogel blend microspheres of gelatin and hydroxyethyl cellulose were prepared by a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion technique and used to investigate the controlled release (CR) of theophylline (THP), an antiasthamatic drug. About 74% encapsulation of THP was achieved, and the drug release profiles were analyzed in terms of gelatin and hydroxyethyl cellulose blend composition, amount of cross-linking agent, and percentage drug loading. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the formation of the IPN blend matrix, as well as chemical stability of the drug in the microsphere. The physical state of the drug in the IPN matrix as evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) remained undisturbed. The size of the microspheres varied from 98 to 144 μm as measured by laser light scattering. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated the smooth surface morphology of the microspheres. Equilibrium and dynamic swelling of the microspheres in distilled water were measured to compute the diffusion coefficient (D v) of the drug solution through the microspheres. The in vitro cumulative release data were analyzed using an empirical equation to compute the diffusion exponent (n), whose values suggest a non-Fickian mode of transport.

Novel pH- and Temperature-Responsive Blend Hydrogel Microspheres of Sodium Alginate and PNIPAAm-g-GG for Controlled Release of Isoniazid

“…The residence time of the drug also gets enhanced at the target site, thus improving the overall pharmacokinetics of the drug as well as patient compliance (1,2). In biomedical research, pH-and temperature-sensitive hydrogels that are cross-linked three-dimensional hydrophilic polymer networks, which absorb large quantity of water or biological fluid without being dissolved, have been widely explored (3,4). Hydrogels not only protect the encapsulated drug from the harsh gastrointestinal conditions but also help to control the drug release by minimizing the overdose related side effects such as ulcer, nausea, burning sensations, etc.…”

Potential doxorubicin delivery system based on magnetic gelatin microspheres crosslinked with sugars

“…If this value is compared in the literature for drug absorption by gelatin microspheres [13,14,30] , one can considerer that a satisfactory amount of the drug was incorporated into the gelatinous matrix. Figure 5 shows the results of in vitro DOX release tests.…”

“…Attributable to the excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability [2,3] , gelatin has been widely used in biomedical materials for controlled drug release. In this application, can be found gelatin in different forms: films [4][5][6] , disks [7] , hydrogels [8,9] , sponges [10] and frequently microspheres [7,9,[11][12][13][14] . Microspheres are usually prepared by water-in-oil emulsion.…”

“…Thus, gelatin hydrogels can be prepared as three-dimensional hydrophilic networks that are able to release drugs at the controlled rates. Such networks can be physical as those obtained by gelatin mixed with other polymers such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose [17] , hydroxyethyl cellulose [18] and carboxymethyl guar gum [19] to form interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) or chemical as those obtained by using chemical crosslinking agents [2] . The chemical crosslinking agents are bifunctional or polyfunctional compounds that act by binding to carboxylic or amino groups of adjacent molecules of gelatin.…”

Preparation and in Vitro Evaluation of Chitosan-Carrageenan Crosslinked Blend Microspheres for Controlled Release of Nateglinide

“…The drug loaded blend polymer solution was emulsified into liquid paraffin to form a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion at 400 rpm speed using REMI Motor (Vasai, India) high speed stirrer for 30 min in a separate 500 mL beaker containing 100 mL of light liquid paraffin oil, 2% (W/V) of Tween-80, 1 mL of 0.1 M HCl and the required amount of GA. The microspheres formed were filtered, washed repeatedly with n-hexane and water to remove unreacted GA. [13][14][15] These microspheres were dried under vacuum at 40 o C and stored in a desicator for further analysis. These microspheres were characterized by Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (X-RD).…”