“…Since Gabor proposed the use of an array of microscale lenses as a superlens to overcome the diffraction limit 1 , microlens arrays (MLAs) have been widely used in optical systems for imaging or non-imaging applications including charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras 2–4 , light-field (LF) imaging systems 5–8 or LF 3D displays 9–11 , sensors 12,13 , photolithography 14 , fibre couplers 15 , optical switches 16,17 , and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or organic-LEDs (OLEDs) 18,19 . In particular, MLAs in LF imaging systems are used to capture optical information on directional ray distributions.…”
We present an electrically controllable fast-switching virtual-moving microlens array (MLA) consisting of a stacked structure of two polarization-dependent microlens arrays (PDMLAs) with optical orthogonality, where the position of the two stacked PDMLAs is shifted by half the elemental pitch in the diagonal direction. By controlling the polarization of the incident light without the physical movement of the molecules comprising the virtual-moving MLA, the periodic sampling position of the MLA can be switched fast using a polarization-switching layer based on a fast-switching liquid crystal cell. Using the fast-switching virtual-moving MLA, the spatial-resolution-enhanced light-field (LF) imaging system was demonstrated without a decrease in the angular sampling resolution as compared to the conventional LF imaging system comprising a passive MLA; two sets of elemental image arrays were captured quickly owing to the short switching time of the virtual-moving MLA of 450 μs. From the two captured sets of the elemental array image, four-times resolution-enhanced reconstruction images of the directional-view and depth-slice images could be obtained.
“…Since Gabor proposed the use of an array of microscale lenses as a superlens to overcome the diffraction limit 1 , microlens arrays (MLAs) have been widely used in optical systems for imaging or non-imaging applications including charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras 2–4 , light-field (LF) imaging systems 5–8 or LF 3D displays 9–11 , sensors 12,13 , photolithography 14 , fibre couplers 15 , optical switches 16,17 , and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or organic-LEDs (OLEDs) 18,19 . In particular, MLAs in LF imaging systems are used to capture optical information on directional ray distributions.…”
We present an electrically controllable fast-switching virtual-moving microlens array (MLA) consisting of a stacked structure of two polarization-dependent microlens arrays (PDMLAs) with optical orthogonality, where the position of the two stacked PDMLAs is shifted by half the elemental pitch in the diagonal direction. By controlling the polarization of the incident light without the physical movement of the molecules comprising the virtual-moving MLA, the periodic sampling position of the MLA can be switched fast using a polarization-switching layer based on a fast-switching liquid crystal cell. Using the fast-switching virtual-moving MLA, the spatial-resolution-enhanced light-field (LF) imaging system was demonstrated without a decrease in the angular sampling resolution as compared to the conventional LF imaging system comprising a passive MLA; two sets of elemental image arrays were captured quickly owing to the short switching time of the virtual-moving MLA of 450 μs. From the two captured sets of the elemental array image, four-times resolution-enhanced reconstruction images of the directional-view and depth-slice images could be obtained.
“…Microlenses and microlens arrays are used to redirect light and improve collection efficiency in sensing devices, light-coupling in optical fiber communication systems, light extraction from light emitting diodes (LEDs) or optical performance in displays [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. In many of these applications, the precise positioning of microlenses with short focal lengths and high numerical aperture (NA) is highly demanded.…”
“…Different applications had different requirements on the morphology of the elliptical microlens, so it is particularly important to control the morphology of the elliptical microlens. There are many methods used in elliptical microlens fabrication, such as mechanical fabrication [6,7], ink-jet printing [8], nanoimprinting [9,10], reflow technique [11][12][13], etc. Mechanical fabrication was low efficiency and difficult to fabricate hard and brittle materials.…”
We proposed a promising method for fabricating elliptical microlens and microlens array with controlling morphology by slit-based spatially shaped femtosecond laser-assisted chemical etching on fused silica (SiO 2 ). The major axis length and the ratio of major and minor axis were controlled by changing the slit width. The minor axis length was controlled by changing the energy. This method had good flexibility and high efficiency. The convex elliptical microlens and microlens array were also realized by mold replication.
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