Semi-device independent randomness generation based on quantum state’s indistinguishability

Abstract

Semi-device independent (Semi-DI) quantum random number generators (QRNG) gained attention for security applications, offering an excellent trade-off between security and generation rate. This paper presents a proof-of-principle time-bin encoding semi-DI QRNG experiments based on a prepare-and-measure scheme. The protocol requires two simple assumptions and a measurable condition: an upper-bound on the prepared pulses' energy. We lower-bound the conditional min-entropy from the energy-bound and the input-output correlation, determining the amount of genuine randomness that can be certified. Moreover, we present a generalized optimization problem for bounding the min-entropy in the case of multiple input and outcomes, in the form of a semidefinite program (SDP). The protocol is tested with a simple experimental setup, capable of realizing two configurations for the ternary time-bin encoding scheme. The experimental setup is easy-to-implement and comprises commercially available off-the-shelf (COTS) components at the telecom wavelength, granting a secure and certifiable entropy source. The combination of ease-of-implementation, scalability, high security level and output-entropy, make our system a promising candidate for commercial QRNGs.

A Comprehensive Review of Quantum Random Number Generators: Concepts, Classification and the Origin of Randomness

“…If the states are not orthogonal, randomness can be extracted from the measurement outcomes of an unambiguous state discrimination protocol. Protocols based on this assumption include [205,206,207,208]. Randomness certification from state discrimination was recently explored using non-contextuality as the notion of classicality [209].…”

Continuous Variable Based Quantum Random Number Generator with Observable Assumptions

“…The most straightforward implementation of this protocol in the DV domain is based on an on-off keying (OOK) scheme where either a vacuum or a weak coherent state is transmitted from the preparation device; this approach is applicable and straightforward while it's not suitable for the higher number of I/O. Another efficient and straightforward proposal is presented in [1]; it is based on the photon's arrival-in other words, a time-bin encoding scheme is used. Time-bin encoding scheme enables the implementation of higher numbers of I/O.…”

Randomness-based macroscopic Franson-type nonlocal correlation

“…Over the last several decades, the Bell inequality 1 , 2 has been a guideline and a testing tool for nonlocal quantum correlation in quantum mechanics 3 – 10 . Franson-type nonlocal correlation has been studied with respect to the Bell inequality violation using noninterfering Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) 11 – 13 , where the Franson-type correlation has been widely adapted for quantum key distributions 14 – 16 and quantum random number generation 17 based on time bin methods. Unlike Bell inequality violations based on measurement projections 1 , the Franson correlation uses a polarization-independent interferometric scheme satisfying the randomness of path choices for photon selections in local measurements.…”