Semantic Power Measured through the Interference of Words with Color-Naming

Klein, George S.

doi:10.2307/1420768

Cited by 575 publications

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“…This may be because "GRASS" begins with the same initial letters and sounds as the color name. Overall, the ranking of the written item conditions matches that reported by Klein (1964) and is best seen in Figure 1. In general, it appears that, with practice, responding improved in all conditions, with the greatest improvement occurring in the incompatible color-word condition.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

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Involuntary automatic processing in color-naming tasks

Regan

1978

Perception & Psychophysics

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The automatic processing hypothesis holds that very familiar items are processed involuntarily, and two color-naming experiments were designed to test this further. Experiment 1 employed words as written stimuli and focal and nonfocal colors as inks. Supporting the automatic processing hypothesis, neutral words delayed color naming, indicating that their representations were activated involuntarily. There was no interaction of ink type and written item conditions. Experiment 2 employed single letters as written stimuli. Color-name initials delayed color naming when incompatible with the color and facilitated it when compatible, suggesting that, although letters may be processed involuntarily, the way in which they are encoded is influenced by the cognitive context. The data from both experiments were discussed in relation to current interpretations of Stroop effects.Several theorists have suggested that there are two fundamentally different modes of information processing, automatic and nonautomatic (LaBerge & Samuels, 1974;Posner & Snyder, 1975; Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977). They describe automatic processing as developing with practice, occurring involuntarily, and being independent of any limited capacity central mechanism. An example of such automatic processing is reading a word. For the child, reading is initially laborious and slow, and may proceed on a letter-byletter basis. For the adult skilled reader, reading requires little effort, is fast, and can be performed concurrently with other activities, as when one reads a billboard while driving. In reading a word, the automatic processing theorists suggest that an internal memorial representation of the word is automatically activated when the word is presented, and that such a representation contains information about the word's pronunciation, meaning, and association to other concepts.The focus of the present experiments is on the involuntary nature of automatic processing. Experiment 1 examined the involuntary processing of words. Experiment 2 employed single letters. Theories of automatic processing suggest that people have no direct control over automatic processes, that no decision making is involved, and that the processing sequence will run to completion whether or not it This paper was written while the author was at NASA, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, under a National Research Council Research Associateship. I would like to express thanks to Eleanor Rosch, who advised on the experiments and commented on the article, and to Stephen Palmer and Loy Braley, who commented on earlier versions. Requests for reprints should be sent to Joan Regan, Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412.is compatible with the person's intention. Posner and Snyder (1975) have indicated that the Stroop phenomenon is a prime example of automatic processing without intention.The Stroop task requires people to name the color ink in which a word is printed as quickly as they can. This task is difficult to do w...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Types of written items (e.g., color words, color-related words) were manipulated between cards, so that anyone card contained only items from one condition. Using this procedure, Klein (1964) found interference with neutral words. Keele (1972) found no effect in a discrete trial (tachistoscopic) procedure requiring a buttonpress response.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Involuntary automatic processing in color-naming tasks

Regan

1978

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…However, as discussed above, there are good reasons to believe that the distractors presented on the neutral distractor trials did not provide an adequate baseline. Most importantly, unlike the truth distractors, neutral distractors did not correspond to existing words and were not part of the set of potential responses (see Klein, 1964, for evidence showing that both factors influence reaction times).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also with regard to our experiment, it seems reasonable to argue that the neutral and informative distractors may differ in the levels of alertness they evoke, and in their need for processing capacity. The lie and truth distractors may induce more relevance-orienting than the neutral distractors as they are linked to the task-relevant responses (Klein, 1964). Furthermore, the truth and lie distractors are meaningful words, which puts a higher load on linguistic and semantic processes than the meaningless string of neutral hatch signs (Klein, 1964).…”

Section: Time (Ms)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lie and truth distractors may induce more relevance-orienting than the neutral distractors as they are linked to the task-relevant responses (Klein, 1964). Furthermore, the truth and lie distractors are meaningful words, which puts a higher load on linguistic and semantic processes than the meaningless string of neutral hatch signs (Klein, 1964). If neutral distractors were therefore processed more easily, facilitation effects may be underestimated and interference effects overestimated.…”

Section: Time (Ms)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lying relies on the truth

2014

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Cognitive models of deception focus on the conflict-inducing nature of the truth activation during lying. Here we tested the counterintuitive hypothesis that the truth can also serve a functional role in the act of lying. More specifically, we examined whether the construction of a lie can involve a two-step process, where the first step entails activating the truth, based upon which a lie response can be formulated in a second step. To investigate this hypothesis, we tried to capture the covert truth activation in a reaction-time based deception paradigm.Together with each question, we presented either the truth or lie response as distractors. If lying depends on the covert activation of the truth, deceptive responses would thus be facilitated by truth distractors relative to lie distractors. Our results indeed revealed such a "covert congruency" effect, both in errors and reaction times (Experiment 1). Moreover, stimulating participants to use the distractor information by increasing the proportion of truth distractor trials enlarged the "covert congruency" effects, and as such confirmed that the effects operate at a covert response level (Experiment 2). Our findings lend support to the idea that lying relies on a first step of truth telling, and call for a shift in theoretical thinking that highlights both the functional and interfering properties of the truth activation in the lying process.

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Neuropsychological function in borderline personality disorder

et al. 1993

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To evaluate the possibility of an underlying dimension of organicity in borderline personality disorder (BPD), a carefully diagnosed group of borderline patients was assessed across a wide range of neuropsychological functions and then was compared to an age-and education-matched nonpatient control group. The BPD group had significantly lower Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores on the WAIS-R. The BPD group also was impaired significantly on motor skills, figural memory, complex visuomotor integration, social or interpersonal intelligence, and on a measure of susceptibility to interference. This pattern of deficits localized to the fronto-temporal regions and became more pronounced when a subgroup analysis was performed. This study suggests that subtle organic factors may be operative in some, but not all, BPD patients. The clinical literature on borderline personality disorder (BPD) contains frequent references to problems these patients have with attention/concentration (M. Murray,

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Semantic Power Measured through the Interference of Words with Color-Naming

Cited by 575 publications

References 0 publications

Involuntary automatic processing in color-naming tasks

Involuntary automatic processing in color-naming tasks

Lying relies on the truth

Neuropsychological function in borderline personality disorder

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