Semantic memory and the granularity of semantic relations: Evidence from speed-accuracy decomposition

Kounios, John; Montgomery, Elizabeth C.; Smith, Roderick W.

doi:10.3758/bf03209258

Cited by 22 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Younger adults were able to speed up their reaction times after receiving performance feedback although the faster responses were accompanied by higher error rates. It is unlikely that this was due to the difficulty of the executive control task itself as the phenomenon of a speed-accuracy trade-off has been shown for a variety of non-executive control tasks as well (e.g., Kounios et al, 1994; Ratcliff, 2002; Ratcliff and Rouder, 2000; Rinkenauer et al, 2004). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can executive control be influenced by performance feedback? Two experimental studies with younger and older adults

Drueke¹,

Boecker²,

Mainz³

et al. 2012

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Executive control describes a wide range of cognitive processes which are critical for the goal-directed regulation of stimulus processing and action regulation. Previous studies have shown that executive control performance declines with age but yet, it is still not clear whether different internal and external factors—as performance feedback and age—influence these cognitive processes and how they might interact with each other. Therefore, we investigated feedback effects in the flanker task in young as well as in older adults in two experiments. Performance feedback significantly improved executive performance in younger adults at the expense of errors. In older adults, feedback also led to higher error rates, but had no significant effect on executive performance which might be due to stronger interference. Results indicate that executive functions can be positively influenced by performance feedback in younger adults, but not necessarily in older adults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can executive control be influenced by performance feedback? Two experimental studies with younger and older adults

Drueke¹,

Boecker²,

Mainz³

et al. 2012

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…That is, concepts are categorized in nodes in a hierarchical network and their meanings are deWned not only by concepts stored in each node (e.g., canary and yellow), but also by concepts in a higher level of structure (e.g., bird). As a result, activation of a concept in memory spreads to connected nodes (Collins & Loftus, 1975;Meyer, 1970), which enable people to judge more quickly the closeness of concepts when there are fewer nodes between them than when there are more nodes between them (Chang, 1986;Gold & Robbins, 1979;Kounios, Montgomery, & Smith, 1994). Also, retrieval of semantically related concepts is quicker than retrieval of concepts that are semantically unrelated (Collins & Quillian, 1969;Thomsen, Lavine, & Kounios, 1996).…”

Section: Unresolved Issues In Extant Tests Of Inter-value Structurementioning

confidence: 97%

Basic human values: Inter-value structure in memory

Pakizeh

Gebauer

Maio

2007

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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Three experiments examined the latent structure of values. Participants rated the importance of values clustered in pairs. Based on [Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1-65). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.] circular model, we predicted and found that the time to rate the second value in each pair was shorter when the two values were motivationally congruent or opposing than when the two values were unrelated (Experiment 1). As expected, this was not the case when participants had to compare the importance of values within each pair (Experiment 2). Finally, semantic relatedness between values failed to explain the eVects of motivational compatibility (Experiment 3). Taken together, these results reveal a coherent pattern of value relations driven by motivational compatibilities, over and above perceived semantic relatedness.

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“…(This reasoning is described in greater detail in Smith & Kounios, 1996. ) SAD research has provided evidence for processes producing a slow growth or intermediate levels of partial information in subjects performing word recognition (Meyer et al, 1988), study-test recognition memory (Ratcliff, 1988), semantic memory access (Kounios, Osman, Copyright 1998 Psychonomic Society, Inc. & Meyer, 1987),and complex semantic relations (Kounios, Montgomery, & Smith, 1994). In contrast, Smith and Kounios (1996) applied the same SAD technique to anagram problem solving and found little or no partial information, suggesting that a single discrete shift rather than a continuous change was responsible for anagram solution.…”

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confidence: 99%

The time-course of the generation effect

Smith

Healy

1998

Memory & Cognition

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The generation effect, in which items generated by following some rule are remembered better than stimuli that are simply read, has been studied intensely over the past two decades. To date, however, researchers have largely ignored the temporal aspects of this effect. In the present research, we used a variable onset time for the presentation of the to-be-remembered material, thus providing the ability to determine at what point during processing the generation effect originates. The results indicate that some benefit from generation attempts occurs even when subjects have only a few hundred milliseconds in which to process the stimulus, but that more of the benefit occurs later. This finding suggests that the generation effect results from continuous or multiple discrete stages of information accrual or strengthening of memory traces over time, rather than from a single discrete increment upon final generation.The generation effect, first described by Slamecka and Graf (1978), is a robust phenomenon in which recall or recognition ofa stimulus list is enhanced ifa person must generate the list by using some rule (e.g., rhyming, synonym-antonym relations, multiplication) as opposed to simply reading the list. Theories describing this phenomenon include effort (see, e.g., Griffith, 1976; MeFarland, Frey, & Rhodes, 1980) or arousal (Jacoby, 1978); semantic activation (e.g., Graf, 1980;McElroy & Slamecka, 1982); relational processes (e.g., Donaldson & Bass, 1980;Rabinowitz & Craik, 1986); multiple-factor explanations (e.g., Hirshman & Bjork, 1988; McDaniel, Riegler, & Waddill, 1990;McDaniel, Waddill, & Einstein, 1988); and a procedural account (e.g., Crutcher & Healy, 1989;McNamara & Healy, 1995).To date, however, researchers have largely ignored the time-course of the generation effect. It is not clear whether the benefit from generation is derived from a continual strengthening ofmemory traces during the generation process as a whole, from a small number ofdiscrete changes during the course ofgeneration, or from a single discrete change in memory representation at the time when generation is completed. Slamecka and Fevreiski (1983) did study the related question of whether recall or recognition would be improved in the event of generation failures. They manipulated the difficulty ofan antonym generation and found that subsequent recall levels for stimuli that had been attempted but not fully generated were roughly as high as the levels for completely successful gen- -Accepted by previous editor, Geoffrey R. Loftus 135 erations, but that recall was much lower for stimuli that had only been read. Recognition tests showed intermediate levels of the generation effect for unsolved antonyms in this research. Slarnecka and Fevreiski interpreted these findings as evidence that generation in this task involved at least two processes: generation ofa semantic code and subsequent association of this code with a surface representation (an English word, in this case). According to this interpretation, the generation failures...

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Semantic memory and the granularity of semantic relations: Evidence from speed-accuracy decomposition

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

Can executive control be influenced by performance feedback? Two experimental studies with younger and older adults

Can executive control be influenced by performance feedback? Two experimental studies with younger and older adults

Basic human values: Inter-value structure in memory

The time-course of the generation effect

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