SEM studies of vessels in ferns

Carlquist, Sherwin; Schneider, Edward L.

doi:10.1016/s0304-3770(99)00023-6

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Both Isoetes histrix and Selaginella martensii showed syringyl units in their lignins, where they represented 27% and 70% of the total lignin building blocks (Table 4), a composition strongly recalling that of angiosperm lignins. The presence of syringyl units in their lignins is, however, consistent with the observation that lycophytes and aquatic ferns, together with angiosperms and gnetophytes, have xylem vessels (Carlquist & Schneider 2000; Schneider & Carlquist 2000). However, although I. histrix showed syringyl lignins, this was not the case with Isoetes fluitans , in which thioacidolysis revealed that lignins are exclusively constituted by G units (Table 4).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…C. thalictroides , C. cornuta , P. aquilinum , P. scolopendrium and D. affinis show both tracheid and vessel elements. Both C. thalictroides and C. cornuta show helical thickenings (Carlquist & Schneider 2000) and are typical of aquatic habitats. P. oceanica is a secondarily aquatic, marine monocotyledon (Larkum & Den Hartog 1989), which was used as control for the presence of lignins/syringyl lignins in aquatic habitats.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of lignin monomers and the evolution of lignification among lower plants

et al. 2010

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Through application of chemical, biochemical and histochemical analyses, we provide new data on the absence/presence of syringyl lignins in the algal species Mastocarpus stellatus, Cystoseira baccata and Ulva rigida, the bryophytes Physcomitrella patens and Marchantia polymorpha, the lycophytes Selaginella martensii, Isoetes fluitans and Isoetes histrix, the sphenophyte Equisetum telmateia, the ferns Ceratopteris thalictroides, Ceratopteris cornuta, Pteridium aquilinum, Phyllitis scolopendrium and Dryopteris affinis, and the angiosperm Posidonia oceanica. Lignins, and especially syringyl lignins, are distributed from non-vascular basal land plants, such as liverworts, to lycopods and ferns. This distribution, along with the already reported presence of syringyl lignins in ginkgoopsids, suggests that syringyl lignin is a primitive character in land plant evolution. Here, we discuss whether the pathway for sinapyl alcohol recruitment was iterative during the evolution of land plants or, alternatively, was incorporated into the earliest land plants and subsequently repressed in several basal liverworts, lycopods, equisetopsids and ferns. This last hypothesis, which is supported by recent studies of transcriptional regulation of the biosynthesis of lignins, implies that lignification originated as a developmental enabler in the peripheral tissues of protracheophytes and would only later have been co-opted for the strengthening of tracheids in eutracheophytes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of lignin monomers and the evolution of lignification among lower plants

et al. 2010

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“…However, this assumption is not always true since lycopods, such as Selaginella spp. (Table 3), placed in the most basal orders within tracheophytes (Qiu & Palmer, 1999), are able to synthesize S‐lignins, and this could also be the case of Ceratopteris , an aquatic fern, which, in common with angiosperms, Gnetales, and lycopods such as Selaginella , shares the presence of vessels which coexist with tracheids (Carlquist & Schneider, 2000). The lignification pattern would have been an adaptive trait of great significance during plant evolution, since both gymnosperms and angiosperms share an ancient, conserved set of enzymes, which are regulated by conserved transcription factors, and which are responsible for the formation of G lignins (Peter & Neale, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The list of studied species concludes with five basal land plants: Ceratopteris richardii (Filicopsida, Polypodiidae), Selaginella martensii and Selaginella moellendorfii (Lycopodiophyta, Selaginellaceae), Physcomytrella patens (Bryopsida) and Marchantia polymorpha (Marchantiopsida). Ceratopteris richardii is an aquatic fern that shows both tracheids and vessel elements with helical thickenings (Carlquist & Schneider, 2000), a coexistence that has been reported in Gnetales and dicotyledons but not in monocotyledons. Selaginella spp.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural motifs of syringyl peroxidases predate not only the gymnosperm–angiosperm divergence but also the radiation of tracheophytes

et al. 2006

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Summary• The most distinctive variation in the monomer composition of lignins in vascular land plants is that found between the two main groups of seed plants. Thus, while gymnosperm lignins are typically composed of guaiacyl (G) units, angiosperm lignins are largely composed of similar levels of G and syringyl (S) units.• However, and contrary to what might be expected, peroxidases isolated from basal (Cycadales and Ginkgoales) and differentially evolved (Coniferales and Gnetales) gymnosperms are also able to oxidize S moieties, and this ability is independent of the presence or absence of S-type units in their lignins.• The results obtained led us to look at the protein database to search for homologies between gymnosperm peroxidases and true eudicot S-peroxidases, such as the Zinnia elegans peroxidase.• The findings showed that certain structural motifs characteristic of eudicot Speroxidases (certain amino acid sequences and β -sheet secondary structures) predate the gymnosperm-angiosperm divergence and the radiation of tracheophytes, since they are found not only in peroxidases from basal gymnosperms, ferns and lycopods, but also in peroxidases from the moss Physcomitrella patens (Bryopsida) and the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha (Marchantiopsida), which, as typical of bryophytes, do not have xylem tissue nor lignins.

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“…Such studies include scanning electron microscopy of xylem (Carlquist and Schneider, 2000), gametophyte development (Banks, 1999), embryogenesis (Johnson and Renzaglia, 2008), the histology of spermatocyte cell wall composition (Cave and Bell, 1973) and drug-induced perturbation of cellulose synthesis in root hairs (Meekes, 1986). The latter study indicated that C-Fern responds to cell wall-acting drugs in a similar way to flowering plants.…”

Section: C-fern Cell Wallsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ceratopteris richardii (C-fern): a model for investigating adaptive modification of vascular plant cell walls

Leroux¹,

Eeckhout²,

Viane³

et al. 2013

Front. Plant Sci.

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Plant cell walls are essential for most aspects of plant growth, development, and survival, including cell division, expansive cell growth, cell-cell communication, biomechanical properties, and stress responses. Therefore, characterizing cell wall diversity contributes to our overall understanding of plant evolution and development. Recent biochemical analyses, concomitantly with whole genome sequencing of plants located at pivotal points in plant phylogeny, have helped distinguish between homologous characters and those which might be more derived. Most plant lineages now have at least one fully sequenced representative and although genome sequences for fern species are in progress they are not yet available for this group. Ferns offer key advantages for the study of developmental processes leading to vascularisation and complex organs as well as the specific differences between diploid sporophyte tissues and haploid gametophyte tissues and the interplay between them. Ceratopteris richardii has been well investigated building a body of knowledge which combined with the genomic and biochemical information available for other plants will progress our understanding of wall diversity and its impact on evolution and development.

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SEM studies of vessels in ferns

Cited by 16 publications

References 22 publications

Distribution of lignin monomers and the evolution of lignification among lower plants

Distribution of lignin monomers and the evolution of lignification among lower plants

Structural motifs of syringyl peroxidases predate not only the gymnosperm–angiosperm divergence but also the radiation of tracheophytes

Ceratopteris richardii (C-fern): a model for investigating adaptive modification of vascular plant cell walls

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