SEM corrosion-casts study of the microcirculation of the flat bones in the rat

Pannarale, Luigi; Morini, Sergio; D'Ubaldo, E; Gaudio, Eugenio; Marinozzi, G.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199704)247:4<462::aid-ar4>3.0.co;2-t

Cited by 31 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…The processes do not start before the 3rd month, and take origin from the deep diaphyseal network. The aspects of vascular proliferation under the physeal plate (sprouting from capillary loops) correspond to the microvascular patterns observed in growing long bone metaphysis (Arsenault, 1987 ;Hunter & Arsenault, 1990 ;Stanka et al 1991 ;Aharinejad et al 1995) and also in other bones (Pannarale et al 1997). No vessels arising from other regions, such as the periosteum and teres ligament, run into the cartilage.…”

Section: supporting

confidence: 62%

“…Despite of the very long exposure of the samples to repeated baths in HCl solution (up to 3 baths, for a total time of 60 h), precipitates always spoiled the appearance of the cast surface. This problem has already been reported in the literature (Aharinejad et al 1995 ;Pannarale et al 1997). Therefore, samples were placed in 5 % trichloroacetic acid for complete removal of tissue remnants.…”

Section: Sem Of Vascular Corrosion Castsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Pressure was monitored in the cannula by means of a CONEL electronic manometer. The pressure value was obtained by trying increasing injection pressures until consistent and satisfactory filling of the vessels was achieved, according to our previous experience (Pannarale et al 1991(Pannarale et al , 1997Gaudio et al 1993).…”

Section: Sem Of Vascular Corrosion Castsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microvascular features and ossification process in the femoral head of growing rats

et al. 1999

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In the epiphysis of long bones, different patterns of development of ossification processes have been described in different species. The development of the vascularisation of the femoral head has not yet been fully clarified, although its role in the ossification process is obvious. Our aim was to investigate ossification and vascular proliferation and their relationship, in growing rat femoral heads. Male Wistar rats aged " 1, 5 and 8 wk and 4, 8 and 12 mo were used. Light microscopy frontal sections and vascular corrosion casts observed by scanning electron microscopy were employed. In the rat proximal femoral epiphysis, ossification develops from the medullary circulation of the diaphysis, quickly extending to the neck and the base of the head. Hypertrophic chondrocytes occupy the epiphyseal cartilage, and a physeal plate with regular cell columns is present. Starting from about the end of the third month one or more points of fibrovascular outgrowth, above the physeal line, can be observed in each sample. They are often placed centrally or, sometimes, peripherally. The fibrovascular outgrowths penetrate deeply into the cartilage and extend laterally. At age 8 mo, large fibro-osseous peduncles connect the epiphysis to the diaphyseal tissue. At 12 mo, the entire epiphysis appears calcified with an almost total absence of residual cartilage islands. This situation differs in man and in other mammals due both to differing thickness of the cartilage and to the presence of more extensive sources of blood vessels other than the diaphyseal microcirculation, as supplied by the teres ligament and Hunter's circle. In young rats, subchondral vessels and the synovial fluid could play a role in feeding the ossifying cartilage. Later, a loss of resistance of the physis due to marked degeneration of the cell columns, and extensive chondrocyte hypertrophy permit fibrovascular penetration starting from diaphyseal vessels rather than neighbouring vascular territories, such as those of the periosteum and capsule.

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Section: supporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Sem Of Vascular Corrosion Castsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Sem Of Vascular Corrosion Castsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microvascular features and ossification process in the femoral head of growing rats

et al. 1999

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“…These peculiar imprints correspond to a special arrangement of smooth muscle cells and endothelium (Lametschwandtner et al 1990;Brinker et al 1990;Davis and Wood 1992) that was found in the bone tissue (Pannarale et al 1997;Morini et al 1999) and commonly in some other districts (Gaudio et al 1990;Pannarale et al 1996). In the smaller arterioles and precapillary vessels the imprints are due to the presence of smooth muscle cells that encircle and deform the endothelial cells (Gaudio et al 1992;Pannarale et al 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four rats from each age group were employed for obtaining vascular casts according to our previous experiences (Pannarale et al 1997;Morini et al 1999). The animals were anaesthetized with diethyl ether, immediately followed by an intra-peritoneal injection of sodium thiopental (15-20 IU).…”

Section: Sem Vccmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microvascular adaptation to growth in rat humeral head

et al. 2006

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The aim of this work is to investigate the growth of the vasculature in the rat humeral head cartilage after the initial development of the secondary ossification centre until the adult organization. Rats aging from 5 weeks to 12 months were used. Histological observations on humeral heads were implemented with morphometrical analysis. Subsequently, vascular corrosion cast, that permits a three-dimensional observation of the vasculature, were prepared and observed by scanning electron microscopy. In young animals the epiphysis contains thin bone trabeculae and most of the epiphysis is occupied by bone marrow spaces. With age, the bone trabeculae progressively enlarge up to double their thickness. The percentage of bone tissue increases from 33.6 to 58.6% of the entire epiphysis, while the bone marrow spaces tend to increase very little in their mean dimension. Vascular corrosion casts show that the epiphyseal microcirculation is well distinguished from that of the diaphysis, and arises from the vessels present in the capsule and the periosteal networks. In young animals the only capillaries are bone marrow sinusoids and few subchondral capillaries. In adult animals small vessels run between the clusters of sinusoids forming the trabecular circulation. Capillary sprouts from sinusoids are always observed both in the young and adult animals. Thus, in adult rats different proper microcirculatory districts can be distinguished in the epiphysis: (a) the sinusoidal network, that supplies the hematopoiesis of the bone marrow and the adjacent osteogenic tissue; (b) the bone tissue microcirculation, limited to small vessels that supply the metabolism and the remodelling of the bone tissue. The reported microvascular organization and its adaptation to the epiphyseal growth represent the morphological basis for understanding the reciprocal interaction among the different tissues in developing and adult rat epiphysis.

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Development of the microcirculation of the secondary ossification center in rat humeral head

et al. 2004

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This work investigated the origin and development of microcirculation in the rat humeral head and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a factor supporting the vascular growth and the development of the secondary ossification centers. Sixty rats aging 1, 3-4, 6 -8, 11, and 21 days, 5 weeks, and 4 and 8 months were used. Samples of humeral head were collected for histolgy and immunohistochemistry for VEGF. Some animals were perfused with Mercox resin in order to obtain vascular corrosion casts (vcc) observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). No cartilage canals were present at birth. At 6 days postnatal, blood vessels coming from the perichondrium and the region near the capsule attachment invaded the cartilage; at 11 days postnatal, signs of calcification were present and within the third week some bone trabeculae were formed. Just before the vascular invasion of the epiphysis, a positive reaction for VEGF was localized in chondrocytes of the epiphyseal cartilage close to the capsule insertion. During the development and expansion of the secondary ossification center, VEGF expression was higher in chondrocytes but decreased when epiphysis was diffusely ossified. VEGF was expressed also by mesenchymal cells present in and around the fibrous tissue where the secondary ossification center will develop. SEM vcc confirmed that vessels penetrating into the epiphysis arose merely from the periosteal and the capsular networks, and vascular connections with the diaphyseal circulation were not evident. These observations demonstrated that VEGF production by chondrocytes begun some days after birth, supported the rapid vascular growth from the surrounding soft tissues, and was chronologically related to the development of the secondary ossification center in rat proximal humerus. Finally, the possible role of VEGF as mediator of angiogenesis and, at least indirectly, as a trigger factor also in the ossification and the bone remodeling of the secondary ossification centers has been discussed. Anat Rec Part A 278A: 419 -427, 2004.

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SEM corrosion-casts study of the microcirculation of the flat bones in the rat

Cited by 31 publications

References 33 publications

Microvascular features and ossification process in the femoral head of growing rats

Microvascular features and ossification process in the femoral head of growing rats

Microvascular adaptation to growth in rat humeral head

Development of the microcirculation of the secondary ossification center in rat humeral head

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