Self‐Supported Tin Sulfide Porous Films for Flexible Aluminum‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Additionally, Al metal electrode is stable in open air under ambient condition, which is easier for manufacturing as compared to Li metal. Therefore, AIBs have been considered as a promising candidate for largescale energy storage in the future.However, the research progress in AIBs has been severely limited by developing new electrode and electrolyte. A key challenge is the sluggish Al 3+ ion diffusion in the host materials during electrochemical charge/discharge processes. Monovalent ions, such as Li + and Na + , could be easily inserted into and extracted from the host materials with a simultaneous charge transfer. [9] Owing to the three-electron transfer process in the charge/discharge reactions, the strong bonding between Al 3+ and the host materials would lead to slow diffusion kinetics in the host structures. In recent decades, aqueous electrolytes have been employed in AIBs. However, they deliver low discharge voltages and poor cell efficiencies. [10] Liu et al. developed copper hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles as cathode materials for AIBs in 0.5 m Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 aqueous electrolyte, exhibiting low potential window of 0.2-1.2 V (vs SCE) and poor capacity retention of 54.9% after 1000 cycles. [9] Very recently, ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte was explored to replace aqueous electrolyte in AIBs. [8,11] For example, Wang et al. designed an AIB using pristine natural graphite flakes as an electrode with AlCl 3 /[EMIm]Cl as an electrolyte, achieving a high specific capacity of 110 mAh g −1 and Coulombic efficiency of 98%. [8] However, the obtained capacity is still far below the theoretical capacity. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new electrode materials with high specific capacity and good cyclability.Tin sulfides have attracted great attention as active materials for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. [12] Especially, tin monosulfide (SnS, also called herzenbergite) is an important mineral on earth, which is chemically stable in the presence of water and oxygen. In addition, SnS is a typical layered material with a large interlayer spacing of 0.43 nm, which is available for the intercalation of alkali metal ions and compensation of the volume expansion during the charge/discharge process. [13] The layers of SnS are coupled by weak van der Waals forces, which are beneficial for reversible alkali metal ions storage. [14] Moreover, SnS presents excellent electric conductivities of 0.193 S and 0.063 S cm −1 in parallel and perpendicular to the basal plane, respectively. [15] Conventionally, carbonaceous materials and organic binders are widely employed in the fabrication of powder materialbased battery electrodes, which have low volumetric capacities and cannot meet the requirement for flexible energy storage.High-performance flexible batteries are promising energy storage devices for portable and wearable electronics. Currently, the major obstacle to develop flexible batteries is the shortage of flexible electrodes with excellent electrochemical performance. Another challenge is the limited progress in the flexible ...

Porous α‐MnSe Microsphere Cathode Material for High‐Performance Aluminum Batteries

“…Therefore, high‐capacity cathode materials are attracting intense attention owing to the incorporation of small‐sized aluminum cations (0.54 Å) . Unfortunately, because of their high charge density, aluminum ions would encounter strong electrostatic interactions with host materials . Thus, limited cathode materials could intercalate aluminum ions reversibly, which becomes another stiff challenge to the practical application of ABs …”

“…[8] Unfortunately, because of their high charge density, aluminum ions would encounter strong electrostatic interactions with host materials. [9] Thus, limited cathode materials could intercalate aluminum ions reversibly, which becomes another stiff challenge to the practical application of ABs. [10] Herein, we first report on three-dimensional porous rocksalt MnSe (α-MnSe) microspheres composed of quasi-cubic nanocrystallites as the cathode for ABs.…”

Recent Advances in the Rational Design and Synthesis of Two‐Dimensional Materials for Multivalent Ion Batteries

“…c) Ex situ XRD patterns and d) TEM images of SnS PF at different states. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2019, Wiley‐VCH.…”

“…ChemSusChem 2020, 13,1071 -1092 www.chemsuschem.org 3.3.2. Pore/hole engineering Self-supported SnS porousfilm( PF) was first reported by Liang et al [86] The syntheticr oute to this material is as follows:f irst, Sn film is electrochemically deposited on Sn foil;t he Sn film is obtainedb yr emoving the Sn substrate;aself-supportedS nO 2 porousf ilm is obtained through electrochemical anodic treatment; and, finally,S nS is formed after chemical vapor deposition (CVD) treatment in aSatmosphere.T he thickness of the film can be controlled by changing the time of electrodeposition. The XRD pattern confirms that the phase composition of the porous film is SnS and partially residual S. The layered and porous structure was provedb yT EM measurements.…”

One‐Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Carbon‐Coated Nickel–Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles for High‐Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors

“…As the way to solve this problem, the research and development of energy storage devices has attracted peo-ple′s attention. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Supercapacitor, also known as Electrochemical Capacitor, is a new type of electrochemical energy storage power source with high energy density and high power density. Supercapacitors have high power density, long cycle life, safety and pollution-free, wide operating temperature range, and are expected to become the new green power source widely used in this century.…”