Self-sufficiency at Ages 27 to 33 Years: Factors Present Between  Birth and 18 Years That Predict Educational Attainment Among  Children Born to Inner-city Families

Hardy, Janet B.; Shapiro, Sam; Mellits, E. David; Skinner, Elizabeth A.; Astone, Nan Marie; Ensminger, Margaret E.; LaVeist, Thomas A.; Baumgardner, R. A.; Starfield, Bárbara

doi:10.1542/peds.99.1.80

Cited by 66 publications

(68 citation statements)

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“…Those who were located but did not complete full interviews had mothers with characteristics generally similar to those who were interviewed. The study design, interview procedure, potential biases and attrition of the sample are described in detail elsewhere (Hardy et al 1997). Of the 1758 offspring who completed interviews, 1525 provided information on perinatal factors and psychological and physical health problems in adulthood.…”

Section: Methods Data Source and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of perinatal problems in risk of co-morbid psychiatric and medical disorders in adulthood

et al. 2007

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Background-Perinatal problems may be associated with an increased risk for psychological and physical health problems in adulthood, although it is unclear which perinatal problems (low birthweight, preterm birth, low Apgar scores, and small head circumference), or what clusters of problems, are more likely to be associated with later health problems. It is also not known whether perinatal problems (singly or together) are associated with co-morbidity between psychological and physical health problems.

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Section: Methods Data Source and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of perinatal problems in risk of co-morbid psychiatric and medical disorders in adulthood

et al. 2007

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“…Children's mental, motor, sensory, and physical development were also assessed at 4 and 8 months and 1, 4, and 7 years of age. We refer to the pregnant women and their partners as "Generation 1" or G1 and the study offspring as Generation 2 (G2), following the terminology of Hardy et al [1997].…”

Section: Study Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

The New England family study high‐risk project: Neurological impairments among offspring of parents with schizophrenia and other psychoses

Buka

Seidman

Tsuang

et al. 2013

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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This manuscript presents the design and initial outcomes of the New England Family Study's (NEFS) High-Risk Project, one of the few epidemiologically representative cohorts that has prospectively followed a large sample of offspring of parents with both affective and non-affective psychotic disorders from the fetal period forward. The goals of this report are: (1) to describe in some detail the design, data collection methods, and resulting sample of this project; and (2) to prospectively identify and compare rates of childhood neurological impairments among offspring of psychotic and nonpsychotic parents, with a particular emphasis on offspring risk in relation to specific classes of parental psychosis (i.e., affective vs. non-affective psychosis). The investigators identified a pool of 755 parents with potential psychotic disorders, located over 80% of these and confirmed psychotic diagnoses for 212 affected parents and 132 unaffected control parents. At birth, the 259 offspring of parents with psychosis had approximately a twofold increased risk of abnormal neurological functioning compared to offspring of families with no psychotic history. This was most pronounced among the 58 offspring of parents with schizophrenia. Similar trends were observed at ages 1 and 7 years although these did not reach statistical significance. Neither at birth nor at any of the follow-up assessments were the 157 offspring of parents with affective psychosis found to be at elevated risk of neurological impairment. Implications for future research and potential preventive interventions for at-risk individuals are discussed. INTRODUCTIONHigh-risk (HR) studies have proven invaluable over the past 50 years to advance understanding of the biological and social origins and course of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders [Niemi et al., 2003;Cunningham Owens and Johnstone, 2006]. Alternative designs, such as cohort and conscript studies, are difficult to carry out due to the relatively low incidence of psychotic disorders in the general population, necessitating a large sample of individuals at general risk. An associated challenge is that with such large samples it is difficult and expensive to collect rich and detailed premorbid assessments prior to the onset of later psychotic disorders. In contrast, HR studies-in which a disorder or a condition is studied by selecting individuals at established elevated risk for the disorder [Cornblatt and Obuchowski, 1997]-require smaller sample sizes and allow a wider range of methods to be employed because of reduced expense in sampling. Specifically, the ability to identify individuals at a very early age (sometimes at or even before 653Neuropsychiatric Genetics birth) who are at elevated risk of developing schizophrenia later in life owing to an ill family member, usually parents or siblings, ("family HR" or "genetic HR" design) has supplemented the work from cohort studies, and has permitted focused and detailed assessments of premorbid conditions.Prior family high-risk (FHR) studies hav...

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“…4 Conversely, good early reading skills are associated with positive health, educational, and financial outcomes well into adulthood. 5 Currently, with the reading level of approximately one half of American adults barely allowing them to integrate and synthesize information from a written text or to fill out a relatively simple form, 6 effective interventions to promote childhood literacy are important from both education and health standpoints.…”

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confidence: 99%

An English-Language Clinic-Based Literacy Program Is Effective for a Multilingual Population

2002

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ABSTRACT. Objective. To assess the effectiveness of a clinic-based pediatric literacy intervention on a multilingual population.Background. Clinic-based literacy interventions are effective among English-and Spanish-speaking children. No data exist for multilingual populations.Setting. Pediatric clinic in an urban county hospital. Design/Methods. Reading practices of 2 cross-sectional groups were assessed by standardized interview before and after the intervention. The intervention consisted of waiting-room volunteers reading to children, literacy counseling, and gift of a children's book at each well-child visit from 6 months to 5 years. Outcomes were assessed separately for primary English-speaking and primary non-English-speaking families.Results. The baseline (N ‫؍‬ 85) and postintervention (N ‫؍‬ 95) groups were similar with respect to child age and sex, parental education, and length of time in the United States. Fourteen languages were represented in total, the most common being English (41%), Somali (28%), Spanish (9%), Vietnamese (7%), Oromo (3%), and Tigrinyan (3%). Compared with baseline, postintervention respondents were more likely to report reading as a favorite activity for the child (10% vs 25%) and parent (18% vs 40%), to read to their child before bed at least weekly (45% vs 71%), and to possess over 10 children's books at home (49% vs 63%). Among English-speaking families (N ‫؍‬ 30 baseline, N ‫؍‬ 40 postintervention), weekly bedtime reading increased (63% to 93%), reading as child's favorite activity increased (7% vs 30%), and reading as the parent's favorite activity to do with child increased (33% vs 58%). The proportion of Englishspeaking families possessing over 10 books at home and those reading with their children at least weekly showed no difference between the baseline and postintervention groups. Among non-English-speaking families (N ‫؍‬ 55 baseline, N ‫؍‬ 55 postintervention), weekly bedtime reading increased (36% vs 56%), reading as the parent's favorite activity increased (11% vs 27%), and the number of families to possess >10 children's books in the home increased (31% vs 49%). Reading as child's favorite activity (13% vs 24%) and weekly book sharing (60% vs 76%) showed nonsignificant trends between the non-Englishspeaking baseline and postintervention groups.Conclusions. This clinic-based literacy intervention influences home literacy behavior in this multiethnic setting, in both English-speaking and non-Englishspeaking families. Although efforts should be made to make such programs more appropriate for linguistic minorities, non-English-speaking families do stand to benefit from English-language-oriented programs. Illiteracy and under-literacy among children is a serious public health problem. Poor school performance can lead to grade retention and school failure. It is well-documented that dropping out of school is, in turn, a risk factor for substance abuse, involvement in violent activity, teen pregnancy, and other poor health practices. [1][2][3] Patients with poor readin...

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Self-sufficiency at Ages 27 to 33 Years: Factors Present Between Birth and 18 Years That Predict Educational Attainment Among Children Born to Inner-city Families

Abstract: Substantial proportions of inner-city children become successful adults. Attention to improving public education, particularly language and reading skills, and the prevention of smoking and adolescent pregnancy are clearly indicated.

Cited by 66 publications

References 5 publications

The role of perinatal problems in risk of co-morbid psychiatric and medical disorders in adulthood

The role of perinatal problems in risk of co-morbid psychiatric and medical disorders in adulthood

The New England family study high‐risk project: Neurological impairments among offspring of parents with schizophrenia and other psychoses

An English-Language Clinic-Based Literacy Program Is Effective for a Multilingual Population

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