Self-Searching Writing of Human-Organ-Scale Three-Dimensional Topographic Scaffolds with Shape Memory by Silkworm-like Electrospun Autopilot Jet

Abstract

Bioengineered scaffolds satisfying both the physiological and anatomical considerations could potentially repair partially damaged tissues to whole organs. Although three-dimensional (3D) printing has become a popular approach in making 3D topographic scaffolds, electrospinning stands out from all other techniques for fabricating extracellular matrix mimicking fibrous scaffolds. However, its complex charge-influenced jet–field interactions and the associated random motion were hardly overcome for almost a century, thus preventing it from being a viable technique for 3D topographic scaffold construction. Herein, we constructed, for the first time, geometrically challenging 3D fibrous scaffolds using biodegradable poly­(ε-caprolactone), mimicking human-organ-scale face, female breast, nipple, and vascular graft, with exceptional shape memory and free-standing features by a novel field self-searching process of autopilot polymer jet, essentially resembling the silkworm-like cocoon spinning. With a simple electrospinning setup and innovative writing strategies supported by simulation, we successfully overcame the intricate jet–field interactions while preserving high-fidelity template topographies, via excellent target recognition, with pattern features ranging from 100’s μm to 10’s cm. A 3D cell culture study ensured the anatomical compatibility of the so-made 3D scaffolds. Our approach brings the century-old electrospinning to the new list of viable 3D scaffold constructing techniques, which goes beyond applications in tissue engineering.

Modified Electrospun Membranes Using Different Nanomaterials for Membrane Distillation

“…To satisfy the huge demand for nanofibers, many scientists have been trying to increase the rate of production of ENMs to be practically utilized on an industrial scale, specifically for water reclamation applications [ 9 , 25 , 48 , 49 ]. Many techniques, including bubble electrospinning [ 50 ], needleless electrospinning [ 51 ], multi-jet electrospinning [ 52 ], electrospinning writing [ 53 , 54 ], centrifugal electrospinning [ 3 ], deep eutectic solvent (DES) electrospinning [ 24 ], and near-field electrospinning, [ 55 ] have been employed to produce ENMs.…”