Self-Reported Modifiable Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease among Older Adults in Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study of Prevalence and Clustering

Chan, Ying Ying; Sahril, Norhafizah; Rezali, Muhammad Solihin; Kuay, Lim Kuang; Baharudin, Azli; Razak, Mohamad Aznuddin Abd; Kassim, Mohd Shaiful Azlan; Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd; Omar, Mohd Azahadi; Ahmad, Noor Ani

doi:10.3390/ijerph18157941

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Approximately 1 out of 5 adults have at least four risk factors of CVDs, even higher in the manifested CVDs group and older group (> 55 years) and slightly higher in men. The risk factors clustering pattern in Indonesia seems comparable to other studies [ 9 , 44 , 45 ]⁠. Risk factors for CVDs are typically clustered in an individual due to the inter-correlation of risk factors with each other.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease: findings from the Indonesian National Basic Health Research

et al. 2022

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Backgrounds The majority of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are modifiable. Continuous monitoring and control of these factors could significantly reduce the risk of CVDs-related morbidity and mortality. This study estimated the prevalence of modifiable risk factors in Indonesia and its co-occurence of multiple risk factors stratified by prior CVDs diagnosis status and sex. Methods Adult participants (> 15 years, N = 36,329, 57% women) with median age of 40 years were selected from a nationwide Indonesian cross-sectional study called Basic Health Research or Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) conducted in 2018. Thirteen risk factors were identified from the study, including smoking, a high-risk diet, inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption, a low physical activity level, the presence of mental-emotional disorders, obesity, a high waist circumference (WC), a high waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), hypertension, diabetes, a high total cholesterol level, a high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level, and a low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level. Age-adjusted prevalence ratios stratified by CVDs status and sex were calculated using Poisson regression with the robust covariance estimator. Results CVDs were found in 3% of the study population. Risk factor prevalence in the overall population ranged from 5.7 to 96.5% for diabetes and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption respectively. Smoking, a high-risk food diet, and a low HDL cholesterol level were more prevalent in men, whereas a low physical activity level, the presence of mental-emotional disorders, obesity, a high WC, a high WtHR, hypertension, diabetes, a high total cholesterol level, and a high LDL cholesterol level were more prevalent in women. Approximately 22% of men and 18% of women had at least 4 risk factors, and these proportions were higher in participants with prior CVDs diagnosis. Conclusions There is a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors in the Indonesian adult population. Sex, age, and the presence of CVD are major determinants of the variations in risk factors. The presence of multiple risk factors, which are often inter-related, requires a comprehensive approach through health promotion, lifestyle modification and patient education.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease: findings from the Indonesian National Basic Health Research

et al. 2022

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“…This rate is higher than that found in previous Chinese studies 8 9 as well as studies from other Asian countries. 5 6 Furthermore, clustering of CVD risk factors showed a clear increasing trend in both men and women from 2011 to 2021, indicating a potential future CVD epidemic in rural southwest China. The findings in this way suggest that future CVD prevention and intervention strategies should take comprehensive lifestyle interventions into account.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Our study revealed that the overall prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in the study population (41.6% and 9.8%) was higher than the prevalence rates observed in other parts of rural China 28 as well as in other low-income populations. 5 6 29 30 Further, prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus significantly increased in both men and women from 2011 to 2021. This increasing trend in prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus was greater among men than women, indicating the emerging hypertension and diabetes mellitus epidemic in the study region is particularly acute for men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in prevalence and clustering of modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors across socioeconomic spectra in rural southwest China: a cross-sectional study

Cai

Liu

et al. 2023

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the changing prevalence of clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors across socioeconomic spectra in rural southwest China.DesignData were collected from two waves of cross-sectional health interviews and examinations among individuals aged ≥35 years in rural China. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and fasting blood sugar levels were recorded for each participant.SettingThis study was conducted in rural Yunnan Province of China.Participants8187 individuals in 2011 and 7572 in 2021 consented to participate in this study.ResultsFrom 2011 to 2021, prevalence increased of hypertension (26.1% vs 41.6%), diabetes mellitus (5.9% vs 9.8%), obesity (5.9% vs 12.0%) and central obesity (50.0% vs 58.3%) (p<0.01), while prevalence decreased of current smoking (35.2% vs 29.6%), secondhand smoke exposure (42.6% vs 27.4%) and current drinking (26.6% vs 29.6%) (p<0.01). This decade also saw an increase in the prevalence of participants with clustering of ≥2 (61.8% vs 63.0%) and ≥3 CVD risk factors (28.4% vs 32.2%) (p<0.05). These increasing rates were also observed among subgroups categorised by sex, ethnicity, education level, income level and those ≥45 years of age (p<0.05). In both 2011 and 2021, male participants and participants with a lower education level had higher prevalence of clustering of ≥2 and ≥3 CVD risk factors than their counterparts (p<0.01). Ethnic minority participants and participants with higher annual income had higher prevalence of clustering of CVD risk factors in 2011 but presented opposite associations in 2021 (p<0.01).ConclusionThe prevalence of clustering of CVD risk factors increased substantially across all socioeconomic spectra in rural southwest China from 2011 to 2021. Future efforts to implement comprehensive lifestyle interventions to promote the prevention and control of CVD should in particular focus on men, those of Han ethnicity and those with low socioeconomic status.

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“…Evidence from the MyHEBAT study could also be translated into clinical practice guidelines for healthcare providers and also guide policy makers to channel resources into those who are at high risk of CVD. Targeted management of those at high risk has been shown to be effective at reducing the healthcare burden and expenditure on healthcare [ 58 ]. Therefore, MyHEBAT offers a synergistic collaboration between researchers, healthcare providers and policy makers, translating evidence into practice and policies that will benefit the nation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Malaysian HEalth and WellBeing AssessmenT (MyHEBAT) Study Protocol: An Initiation of a National Registry for Extended Cardiovascular Risk Evaluation in the Community

Khan

Ramli

Razak

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been a burden to many developing countries for decades, including Malaysia. Although various steps have been taken to prevent and manage CVD, it remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The rising prevalence of CVD risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, overweight and obesity is the main driving force behind the CVD epidemic. Therefore, a nationwide health study coined as the Malaysian Health and Wellbeing Assessment (MyHEBAT) was designed. It aimed to investigate the prevalence of CVD and the associated risk factors in the community across Malaysia. The MyHEBAT study recruited participants (18–75 years old) through community health screening programmes from 11 states in Malaysia. The MyHEBAT study was further divided into two sub-studies, namely, the Cardiovascular Risk Epidemiological Study (MyHEBAT-CRES) and the MyHEBAT Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Study (MyHEBAT-FH). These studies assessed the prevalence of CVD risk factors and the prevalence of FH in the community, respectively. The data garnered from the MyHEBAT study will provide information for healthcare providers to devise better prevention and clinical practice guidelines for managing CVD in Malaysia.

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Self-Reported Modifiable Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease among Older Adults in Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study of Prevalence and Clustering

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

Modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease: findings from the Indonesian National Basic Health Research

Modifiable risk factors in adults with and without prior cardiovascular disease: findings from the Indonesian National Basic Health Research

Trends in prevalence and clustering of modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors across socioeconomic spectra in rural southwest China: a cross-sectional study

The Malaysian HEalth and WellBeing AssessmenT (MyHEBAT) Study Protocol: An Initiation of a National Registry for Extended Cardiovascular Risk Evaluation in the Community

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