Self-reported history and saliva analyses of recreational drug use among students in a public university in Mombasa, Kenya

Budambula, Valentine; Jelagat, Joan; Budambula, Nancy L. M.; Ngari, Moses

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-25442/v1

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Social demographic factors such as the level of education, gender, income and marital status are primary determinants of the health status of drug users [ 7 ]. These factors indirectly influence individual drug-use behavior including sharing of needles and soliciting for sex in exchange for drugs or police protection [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-demographic and sexual practices associated with HIV infection in Kenyan injection and non-injection drug users

et al. 2018

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BackgroundSubstance use is increasingly becoming prevalent on the African continent, fueling the spread of HIV infection. Although socio-demographic factors influence substance consumption and risk of HIV infection, the association of these factors with HIV infection is poorly understood among substance users on the African continent. The objective of the study was to assess socio-demographic and sexual practices that are associated with HIV infection among injection drug users (IDUs), non-IDUs, and non-drug users (DUs) at an urban setting of coastal Kenya.MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 451 adults comprising HIV-infected and -uninfected IDUs (n = 157 and 39); non-IDUs (n = 17 and 48); and non-DUs (n = 55 and 135); respectively at coastal, Kenya. Respondent driven sampling, snowball and makeshift methods were used to enroll IDUs and non-IDUs. Convenience and purposive sampling were used to enroll non-DUs from the hospital’s voluntary HIV testing unit. Participant assisted questionnaire was used in collecting socio-demographic data and sexual practices.ResultsBinary logistic regression analysis indicated that higher likelihood of HIV infection was associated with sex for police protection (OR, 9.526; 95% CI, 1.156-78.528; P = 0.036) and history of sexually transmitted infection (OR, 5.117; 95% CI, 1.924-13.485; P = 0.001) in IDUs; divorced, separated or widowed marital status (OR, 6.315; 95% CI, 1.334-29.898; P = 0.020) in non-IDUs; and unemployment (OR, 2.724; 95% CI, 1.049-7.070; P = 0.040) in non-drug users. However, never married (single) marital status (OR, 0.140; 95% CI, 0.030-0.649; P = 0.012) was associated with lower odds for HIV infection in non-drug users.ConclusionAltogether, these results suggest that socio-demographic and sexual risk factors for HIV transmission differ with drug use status, suggesting targeted preventive measures for drug users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-demographic and sexual practices associated with HIV infection in Kenyan injection and non-injection drug users

et al. 2018

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“…The youngest age at initiation was 17 years while the oldest was 55 years age, with the median age at initiation being about 31 years. Studies show that socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, income levels, marital status and even level of education are primary determinants of the health status of drug users [ 35 ]. These factors indirectly influence individual drug-use behavior including sharing of needles and soliciting for sex in exchange for drugs or police protection [ 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid situational assessment of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Nairobi and coastal regions of Kenya: a respondent driven sampling survey

et al. 2021

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Background A Cross-sectional Rapid Situational Assessment of People Who Inject Drug (PWIDs) applying Respondent Driven sampling techniques (RDS) was used to recruit subjects/participants in a study aimed at assessing HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among injecting drug users in Nairobi and Coastal regions of Kenya. There is paucity of data and information on injecting drug use in sub-Saharan Africa and there is sufficient evidence of existence of the environment for development and growth of injecting drug use. Past studies on PWID and its association to HIV and AIDS that have been conducted in Kenya do not provide sufficient information to support effective planning and comprehensive national response to the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Methods A cross-sectional study design was adopted in which a set of initial subjects referred to as ‘seeds’ were first identified from which an expanding chain of referrals were obtained, with subjects from each wave referring subjects of subsequent waves. The seeds were drawn randomly from the population and interviewed to pick the one with the largest network and other unique characteristics. A maximum of twelve seeds were recruited. The second stage involved conducting assessment visits to the sites to identify potential collaborators that included non-governmental organizations (NGOs), drug treatment centres, health facilities, community based organizations (CBO’s) among others. Three NGOs located in the coast region and one in Nairobi region were identified to assist in identifying drug injection locations and potential participants. Key informant interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were also conducted using interview guides. Results A total of 646 individuals (344 in Nairobi and 302 at the coast) were recruited for the study between January and March 2010. Of these 590 (91%) were male and 56 (9%) were female. Findings showed that most PWIDs initiated injecting drug use between the ages of 20–29 years, with the youngest age of initiation being 11 years and oldest age being 53 years. Most commonly injected drug was heroin (98%), with a small (2%) percentage injecting cocaine. Other non-injecting methods such as smoking or combining these two drugs with other drugs such as cannabis or Rohypnol were also common. Most PWIDs used other substances (cigarettes, alcohol, and cannabis) before initiating injecting drug use. The adjusted national HIV prevalence of PWIDs was 18.3% (19.62% unadjusted) with PWIDs in Nairobi region registering 18.33% (20.58% unadjusted) compared PWIDs for Coastal region indicating 18.27% (18.59% - unadjusted). The gender based HIV prevalence showed that women were more at risk of acquiring HIV (44.51%-adjusted) compared to men (15.97%-adjusted). The age specific HIV prevalence showed that PWIDs who initiated injecting at 11–19 years (44.7% adjusted) were most at risk in Nairobi compared to those who initiated injecting at age 20–24 years (23.2% - adjusted) in the coastal region. While all PWIDs continue to be at risk in the two regions, those from the Western parts of Nairobi, Kenya were at a relatively higher risk given their increased propensity for sharing injecting equipment and solutions. Conclusions Compared to the national HIV prevalence of (4.9%), the results show that People Who Inject Drugs (PWIDs) are at particularly high risk of infection in Kenya and there is urgent need for intervention (KenPHIA, 2018). This study also showed clear evidence that 70% of PWIDs are primary school educated, engage in high risk injecting and sexual behaviors comprising sharing of injecting equipment, unprotected heterosexual and homosexual sex. Given that initiation of injecting drug use begins early and peaks after formal school years (20–29 years), prevention programmes should be targeted at primary and secondary school students, college and out of school youth. Further, to protect People who inject drugs (PWIDs) from HIV infection, the country should introduce free Needle Syringe Programs (NSP) with provision of condoms and Methadone Assisted Therapy (MAT) as a substitute for drug use.

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“…This includes providing information about the danger of drugs, legal issues, and public services regarding drug withdrawal, etc. Budambula and Budambula (2018) found that the participation of community members, leaders, and authorities positively affected drug situations in the community area. Similarly, Phetlomthong and Rojanatrakul (2022) also found that the participants of people sector networks helped reduce drug problems in Thai communities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of the Strategic Plan with Family, Community, and Buddhism to Build Social Protection Against Drugs in Thai Vulnerable Youth

Promsri,

Khetjoi,

Chuachan

et al. 2023

IES

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The current study aims to investigate the effects of a strategic plan developed by the involvement of the family, community, and Buddhist institutions in Thai vulnerable youth knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral changes. The sample included 302 vulnerable adolescents from Khon Kaen, Thailand. The utilization of systematic sampling was observed based on income, marital status, and neighborhood. 10 governmental employees also took part in an interview designed to investigate the participants’ changes in behaviors of drug abuse. The instruments include a strategic plan for the drug prevention of vulnerable children, a test of drug prevention knowledge, a satisfaction survey, and a semi-structured interview. The data were obtained by a pre-post-test on the samples’ knowledge of drug prevention, an attitude survey, and an authorities’ interview. Frequency, percentage, mean score, SD, and t-test were used to examine the data. The content analysis assessed qualitative data. The findings reveal how a strategic plan designed by institutions concerned with human development led to the development of knowledge, attitudes, and positive behavioral changes among at-risk teenagers.

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Self-reported history and saliva analyses of recreational drug use among students in a public university in Mombasa, Kenya

Cited by 4 publications

References 35 publications

Socio-demographic and sexual practices associated with HIV infection in Kenyan injection and non-injection drug users

Socio-demographic and sexual practices associated with HIV infection in Kenyan injection and non-injection drug users

Rapid situational assessment of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Nairobi and coastal regions of Kenya: a respondent driven sampling survey

The Development of the Strategic Plan with Family, Community, and Buddhism to Build Social Protection Against Drugs in Thai Vulnerable Youth

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