Self-reported delinquency and reputational orientations of high school and incarcerated adolescent loners and nonloners

Goals during Adolescence and their Relationship with Antisocial Behavior

“…Also, although they are antinormative for adolescents, these behaviors are not toughly sanctioned within the broader social context, especially in the case of legal drug use. Gender differences were such that boys surpass the girls in all dimensions of antisocial behavior, except for drug consumption (Moffitt, Caspi, Rutter & Silva, 2001), which confirms the results of earlier research that boys participate more in illegal activities than girls (Buelga, Musitu, Murgui & Pons, 2008;Houghton, Carroll, Tan & Hopkins, 2008). On another note, with the exception of group antinormative behavior, whose frequency does not seem to vary as a function of age, it seems that as young people grow older, their involvement in antinormative behavior increases.…”

Rates of Self-reported Delinquency among Western Australian Male and Female High School Students: The male–female gender gap

“…Furthermore, it corroborates reputation enhancement theory, which has demonstrated that females withhold their involvement in highly public overt acts such as those involving physical aggression for fear of damaging their reputations (see Carroll et al, 2009). Overall, the rates of offending and more specifically for physical aggression are also congruent with Carroll et al (2003) and Houghton et al (2008) who also found significantly higher levels of male involvement in offences involving physical aggression. While it cannot be definitively argued that there are increasing trends in female offending and that this is eroding the male-female gap, it does appear to be the case that, with the exception of physical aggression, mainstream high school females are involved in a range of delinquent activities at similar rates to their male counterparts.…”

“…Rather, the focus has been primarily on males and hence the percentage of young girls indulging in such activities remains unclear (Carroll et al, 2009). Similar findings were reported by Houghton, Carroll, Tan, and Hopkins (2008). Similar findings were reported by Houghton, Carroll, Tan, and Hopkins (2008).…”

Adolescent Reputations and Risk

“…Indeed, Emler (1984) and Carroll and colleagues (Carroll et al, 2003;Houghton et al, 2008) have argued that whereas delinquency may evolve from weak societal bonds, individuals may also positively choose to become delinquents.…”