Self-reference enhances relational memory in young and older adults

Hou, Mingzhu; Grilli, Matthew D.; Glisky, Elizabeth L.

doi:10.1080/13825585.2017.1409333

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The fact that we found a self-reference effect for source context memory suggests that self-referencing is a powerful mnemonic which supports the encoding of multiple details (item and source) into a retrievable memory representation. This is congruent with previous work showing that self-referencing not only improves memory for the items themselves, but also for other episodic contextual details ( Dulas et al, 2011 ; Hamami et al, 2011 ; Rosa and Gutchess, 2011 ; Serbun et al, 2011 ; Leshikar and Duarte, 2012 , 2014 ; Leshikar et al, 2015 ; Hou et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ). Unlike the source context measure, however, we found no improvement in memory for case context, suggesting some limits to explicit memory improvements that result from self-referencing.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

STOP SHOUTING AT ME: The Influence of Case and Self-Referencing on Explicit and Implicit Memory

et al. 2021

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Evidence suggests that physical changes in word appearance, such as those written in all capital letters, and the use of effective encoding strategies, such as self-referential processing, improves memory. In this study we examined the extent both physical changes in word appearance (case) and encoding strategies engaged at study influence memory as measured by both explicit and implicit memory measures. Participants studied words written in upper and lower case under three encoding conditions (self-reference, semantic control, case judgment), which was followed by an implicit (word stem completion) and then an explicit (item and context) memory test. There were two primary results. First, analyses indicated a case enhancement effect for item memory where words written in upper case were better remembered than lower case, but only when participants were prompted to attend to the case of the word. Importantly, this case enhancement effect came at a cost to context memory for words written in upper case. Second, self-referencing increased explicit memory performance relative to control, but there was no effect on implicit memory. Overall, results suggest an item-context memory trade-off for words written in upper case, highlighting a potential downside to writing in all capital letters, and further, that both physical changes to the appearance of words and differing encoding strategies have a strong influence on explicit, but not implicit memory.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

STOP SHOUTING AT ME: The Influence of Case and Self-Referencing on Explicit and Implicit Memory

et al. 2021

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“…To index response bias, the Br measure was used -Br = ([p(false alarms)/(1 -Pr)]) -wherein values above 0.50 indicate a more liberal response criterion, i.e., in cases of uncertainty the decision is biased to choose "old"; whilst values below 0.50 indicate a more conservative response criterion, that is, the decision is biased to select "new" in the face of uncertainty. Regarding source memory recognition, we computed the difference between source hits and incorrect source responses: [p(correct source)p (incorrect source)] Hou et al, 2019;Leshikar et al, 2015;Newsome et al, 2012). Data were submitted to a 2 (self-reference: self vs. common) x 3 (valence: negative vs. neutral vs. positive) repeated-measures analysis of variance (RMANOVA).…”

Section: Behavioral Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These conflicting findings may be accounted for by different factors: the way information is encoded is a relevant candidate to consider (Leynes & Crawford, 2018;Leynes & Mok, 2017). In this regard, self-referential processing has been one of the encoding strategies examined in the context of source memory by testing its influence on features, such as stimulus location and color (Yin, Ma, Xu, & Yang, 2019) and the encoding task itself (Dulas, Newsome, & Duarte, 2011;Durbin, Mitchell, & Johnson, 2017;Hou, Grilli, & Glisky, 2019;Leshikar & Duarte, 2012;Leshikar, Dulas, & Duarte, 2015;Mao, Wang, Wu, & Guo, 2017;Pereira et al, 2019;Zhang, Pan, Li, & Guo, 2018). Nonetheless, few studies have probed the interactive effects of self-referential encoding and emotion on source memory and their electrophysiological correlates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions of Emotion and Self-reference in Source Memory: An ERP Study

Pereira

Sampaio

Pinheiro

2021

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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The way emotional information is encoded (e.g., deciding whether it is self-related or not) has been found to affect source memory. However, few studies have addressed how the emotional quality and self-referential properties of a stimulus interactively modulate brain responses during stimulus encoding and source memory recognition. In the current study, 22 participants completed five study-test cycles with negative, neutral, and positive words encoded in self-referential versus non-self-referential conditions, while event-related potentials of the electroencephalogram were recorded. An advantage of self-referential processing in source memory performance, reflected in increased recognition accuracy, was shown for neutral and positive words. At the electrophysiological level, self-referential words elicited increased amplitudes in later processing stages during encoding (700-1,200 ms) and were associated with the emergence of old/new effects in the 300-500 ms latency window linked to familiarity effects. In the 500-800 ms latency window, old/new effects emerged for all valence conditions except for negative words studied in the non-self-referential condition. Negative self-referential words also elicited a greater mobilization of post-retrieval monitoring processes, reflected in an enhanced mean amplitude in the 800-1,200 ms latency window. Together, the current findings suggest that valence and self-reference interactively modulate source memory. Specifically, negative self-related information is more likely to interfere with the recollection of source memory features.

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“…In contrast, although cultural relevance is less cognitively impactful than personal relevance (e.g., Kesebir & Oishi, 2010; Lee et al, 2016; Leshikar, Dulas, et al, 2015; Leshikar, Park, et al, 2015), the cognitive priority of cultural relevance has typically been found to be comparable between younger and older adults (Cassidy & Gutchess, 2012; Hou, Grilli, & Glisky, 2019; Lee et al, 2016; Rosa & Gutchess, 2011). Moreover, cultural relevance usually is inherently toned in the stimulus, thereby not interfering with the cognitive control processes underlying the age-related positivity effect.…”

Section: Cultural Relevance As a Source Of Meaningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remembering positive or relevant information? Cultural relevance may moderate the age-related positivity effect in memory.

Gong¹,

Fung²

2020

Psychology and Aging

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The age-related positivity effect might be driven by age differences in seeking emotional positivity or the meaning attached to positive information. To examine these 2 hypotheses, we recruited young and older Mainland Chinese adults to complete a recognition memory task, in which they viewed and recognized a series of pictures varying in emotional valence (neutral, positive, or negative) and cultural relevance (relevant to Chinese or Western culture). Participants were instructed to just view the pictures (Experiment 1), to focus on the emotional valence of the pictures (Experiment 2a), to focus on the cultural relevance of the pictures (Experiment 2b), or to focus on both (Experiment 2c). Because cultural relevance could alter the meaning of a picture without changing its emotional valence, the age-related positivity effect should not be moderated by cultural relevance if the effect is driven by age differences in seeking emotional positivity. In contrast, such a moderation effect should be detected if the age-related positivity effect is driven by age differences in seeking meaning. The results of Experiment 2b supported the latter speculation by finding an age-related positivity effect for Chinese pictures but not for Western pictures, although the other 3 experiments found an age-related positivity effect that was not moderated by cultural relevance. These results show that the motivation to seek meaning plays a role in the age-related positivity effect at least in certain situations. The cross-experiment divergencies of the results are discussed.

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Self-reference enhances relational memory in young and older adults

Cited by 8 publications

References 64 publications

STOP SHOUTING AT ME: The Influence of Case and Self-Referencing on Explicit and Implicit Memory

STOP SHOUTING AT ME: The Influence of Case and Self-Referencing on Explicit and Implicit Memory

Interactions of Emotion and Self-reference in Source Memory: An ERP Study

Remembering positive or relevant information? Cultural relevance may moderate the age-related positivity effect in memory.

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