Self‐rated peri‐implant oral symptoms and clinicoradiographic characteristics in Narghile‐smokers, cigarette‐smokers, and nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis

Abstract

BackgroundThe hypothesis is that self‐rated peri‐implant oral symptoms (OS) and clinical (plaque index [PI] and probing depth [PD]) and radiographic (crestal bone loss [CBL]) are higher in (cigarette‐smokers [CS]) and (waterpipe‐users) than (nonsmokers [NS]). The aim was to relate peri‐implant self‐perceived OS with clinico‐radiographic parameters among CS, waterpipe‐users, and NS.Materials and MethodsThis study was performed on self‐reported CS, waterpipe‐users, and NS with peri‐implantitis. A questionnaire was used to record peri‐implant self‐perceived OS (pain in gums, bleeding gums, bad breath, and loose implant) and demographic data (age, sex, duration of smoking and waterpipe usage, duration of implants in function, duration since diagnosis of peri‐implantitis). Clinico‐radiographic parameters (CBL, PD, PI, and bleeding on probing [BOP]) were also measured; and compared with the self‐perceived OS. Group comparisons were done for perceived OS and clinico‐radiographic variables, and significant differences were deemed when P‐values were under .05.ResultsOne hundred male participants (35 CS, 33 waterpipe‐users, and 32 NS) with peri‐implantitis were included. Pain in gums (P < .05) and bad breath (P < .05) were more frequently perceived by CS and waterpipe‐users than NS. There was no significant difference in perceived bleeding gums around the implant or loose implant among all groups. The CBL (P < .01), PI (P < .001), and PD (P < .01) were significantly high in CS and waterpipe‐users than NS. NS (P < .05) had significantly higher BOP than waterpipe‐users and CS. There was no significant difference in CBL, PI, PD, and BOP among waterpipe‐users and CS.ConclusionTobacco‐smokers present with worse peri‐implant perceived OS and clinicoradiograhic parameters than nonsmokers with peri‐implantitis.

Peri‐implant soft tissue status and crestal bone loss around immediately‐loaded narrow‐diameter implants placed in cigarette‐smokers: 6‐year follow‐up results

“…The present results are in accordance with the proposed hypothesis as well as previous studies 18,[26][27][28][29][30] which have shown that tobacco-smoking is a risk factor of peri-implant diseases (peri-implant mucositis and periimplantitis). However, the unique finding in this observational study was that the present study is the first one in indexed literature to assess periimplant diseases in immediately-loaded dental implants with narrow diameters.…”

Impact of smoking on peri‐implant bleeding on probing

“…The potential masking effect that smoking has on the peri‐implant inflammation is still controversial. Consistently with our results, three recent studies 47–49 found that BOP exhibited less frequently in S despite higher values of plaque and PPD, however, these outcomes were not confirmed by a multivariate analysis. Moreover, three previous cross‐sectional studies 26,27,50 supported the association that was found in the present study between BOP and PPD.…”

Influence of tobacco smoking on the development of halitosis

“…The sensitivity analysis shown in Fig. 4 includes six studies [32] , [34] , [35] , [41] , [42] , as the studies by Rech et al [38] , Jiun et al [37] , and Romano et al [39] accounted for 20% of all interstudy heterogeneity. The results of this analysis also showed an increased risk of halitosis among current smokers in both fixed and random effects models (ORs = 1.43 [95% CI, 1.26–1.63] and OR = 1.49 [95% CI, 1.15–1.92], respectively; I 2 = 65%).…”