Self-polishing behavior of zinc-based copolymer with different monomer composition

Abstract

The zinc methacrylate copolymers with various monomer compositions were prepared for investigating the effect of zinc methacrylate (ZMA), 2-methoxyethyl acrylate (2-MTA) contents and compositions of ethyl acrylate (EA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as hydrophobic monomers on self-polishing behavior. The effect of molecular weight of the self-polishing copolymer (SPC) was also investigated. The characterizations of copolymers were performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The leaching rate of SPC was determined from the reduction of dry film thickness after seawater immersion in a dynamic condition. The experimental results indicate the leaching rate of SPC can be controlled by monomer composition and molecular weight.

Permeability of a Zinc-Methacrylate-Based Self-Polishing Copolymer for Use in Antifouling Coating Materials by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

“…For example, acrylate esters are still used in SPCs because they act as antifouling agents, while hydrolysable pendant groups, such as TBT, have been substituted with environmentally safe components. In particular, zinc methacrylate (ZMA) [12][13][14], copper methacrylate (CMA) [2,15], and triisopropylsilyl acrylate (TIPSA) [8,14] have been investigated as hydrolysable pendant antifouling agents [1].…”

“…The polishing and leaching behaviour of an SPC is affected by the type and content of the SPC pendant group. Kim et al [12] reported that the ZMA content in an SPC is important to its self-polishing behaviour, with increasing SPC leaching observed with increasing ZMA content. In particular, the leaching rate affects the erosion rate, as the SPC erosion rate is closely related to the leaching behaviour of the SPC.…”

“…In this context, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can be used to calculate detailed molecular information, such as diffusion and permeation properties, for ZMA-based SPC systems. We chose ZMA-based SPCs because ZMA is a hydrolysable pendant group that has replaced TBT [12,14,18]; its erosion rate is also significantly affected by seawater conditions (pH and NaCl concentration) [11], as well as the ZMA concentration [12]. In particular, the ZMA content strongly affects self-polishing behaviour by altering the leaching and erosion rates.…”

“…We expected MD simulations to be useful for investigating the diffusion behaviour and permeability of water-based media into an SPC, which significantly affects the polishing and leaching characteristics of the SPC. We determined the diffusion coefficient and permeability of water molecules at two ZMA contents and compared the permeability and leaching behaviour of the SPC because the ZMA content affects the erosion rate by preventing the unwanted accumulation of marine organisms [12]. For this purpose, two ZMA contents (2 and 16 mol%) were constructed with hydrophobic monomer compositions, such as ethyl acrylate (EA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), 2-methoxyethyl acrylate (2-MTA), and butyl acrylate (n-BMA) in the SPC.…”

Water-Erodible Xanthan-Acrylate-Polyurethane Antifouling Coating

“…Few researchers have reported the good antifouling performance of PU coatings in both SPC coatings and fouling-resistant coatings [1,17,18,19]. Similar to other SPC coatings, the PU-based SPC coating performance depends on hydrolytic degradation, which depends on the PU molecular weight and its structure, as well as the hydrolysable pendant group.…”