“…This study is significant as for a large number of language learners, self-directed learning through mobile applications and websites is the primary source of language development (Rosell-Aguilar, 2018). Nevertheless, these informal language learning environments have been less represented in existing research on second language acquisition in general (Arvanitis, 2019;Cole & Vanderplank, 2016;Godwin-Jones, 2011;Loewen et al, 2020;Richards, 2015;Xodabande, 2018;Xodabande & Atai, 2020), and the study of the motivational dimension in self-directed and technology-based language learning has remained largely limited (Chik, 2019;Gardner & Yung, 2017). In order to fill part of this gap, the current study set out to investigate the launch of DMCs and the extent to which the core characteristics, as outlined above in general and positive emotional loading in particular, can account for our understanding of intense motivational states in self-directed language learning.…”