“…Apart from the act of care provision, there are many costs associated with care, such as transportation, house modifications, medication and assistive equipment (Barrett et al, 2012;Schulz et al, 2016;Longacre et al, 2017;Roy et al, 2018;Parey, 2022b). Notably, helping behaviour is negatively impacted when large long-term investments are required (Ioerger et al, 2019). Among relatives, a feeling of closeness is assumed to encourage helping behaviour even when the care load is heavy (Penner et al, 2005); however, there is evidence to the contrary (Cooper et al, 2008;Parey, 2022a).…”