Self‐Organised TiO₂ Nanotubes for 2D or 3D Li‐Ion Microbatteries

Abstract

This paper presents a Review on the development of thin‐film (all‐solid‐state) Li‐ion microbatteries. The need to move from 2D to 3D configurations, the ever‐increasing necessity to adopt Li‐ion or rocking‐chair technology in microbatteries, and the development of new processing techniques and materials are discussed. Materials based on TiO2 are very promising as negative electrodes for Li‐ion microbatteries. Strong emphasis is placed on the possibility of utilising TiO2, especially self‐supported nanotubular TiO2, as an anode material for commercial 2D or 3D Li‐ion microbatteries. The use of TiO2 is ecologically and economically competitive and provides cells with low self‐discharge while eliminating the risk of overcharging due to its relatively high operating voltage. The high operating voltage of TiO2 also presents the advantage of negligible electrolyte decomposition. Each polymorphic form of TiO2 (anatase, rutile, TiO2(B), or brookite) has an attractive lithium storage behaviour, especially, when nanostructured. Owing to their remarkable nanoarchitecture, TiO2 nanotubes grown by potentiostatic anodization, and their derivatives (cation‐ or anion‐doped and hierarchical composites with nanostructured metals or metal oxides), deserve attention for the fabrication of 2D or 3D Li‐ion microbatteries.

Electrophoretic deposition of Li4Ti5O12 nanoparticles with a novel additive for Li-ion microbatteries

“…1,2 Conventionally, microbatteries are two-dimensional, comprising thin-lm ceramic materials as anode, electrolyte and cathode. 1,2 Conventionally, microbatteries are two-dimensional, comprising thin-lm ceramic materials as anode, electrolyte and cathode.…”

“…1,2 Conventionally, microbatteries are two-dimensional, comprising thin-lm ceramic materials as anode, electrolyte and cathode. 1,2,4 Furthermore, as a result of fabrication and application limitations, signicant efforts are being made to avoid the use of metallic lithium, thus transposing the "Li-ion" or the "rocking-chair" concept to microbatteries. 1 However, the present or the future miniaturization of microelectronic devices necessitates size diminution of the microbatteries (#0.1 cm 3 ); in addition, higher energy or power densities are also required.…”

“…They are fabricated by sequential layer-by-layer deposition of the cell components using physical-vapour-deposition (PVD) techniques, and have quite small dimensions ($1 cm 3 ). 1 Actually, the choice of the positive or the negative electrode material to fabricate a Li-ion microbattery is not as problematic as the choice of the processing step needed to transfer the powdered material into a thin/thick lm well-supported on the preferred current collector. 3 These factors have underscored the need for different processing steps to be evaluated for possible micro-or nano-structuring of the electrode materials for microbatteries.…”

Lithium storage study on MoO3-grafted TiO2 nanotube arrays

“…The improved performance of microbatteries is highly necessary for modern microelectronic devices such as PC memory, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), medical implants, hearing aids, ''smart'' cards, RF-ID tags, remote sensors and energy harvesters, etc. (Kyeremateng 2014;Matiko et al 2014;Patil et al 2008;Pikul et al 2013). The requirement of high-performance LIBs encourages scientists to develop new anode materials with capacity higher than graphite (Reddy et al 2013;Wu et al 2012a;Wu and Hong 2014;Xiong et al 2014).…”

Molybdenum disulfide grafted titania nanotube arrays as high capacity retention anode material for lithium ion batteries

“…(Armand and Tarascon 2008;Hu et al 2010;Kyeremateng 2014). Anode materials of LIBs have a significant effect on the overall performance and efficiency of LIBs Sagar et al 2016).…”