Self-nanoemulsifying Delivery of Andrographolide: Ameliorating Islet Beta Cells and Inhibiting Adipocyte Differentiation

Abstract

Introduction This study is a continuation of our previous research on increasing the dissolution and bioavailability of andrographolide self-nanoemulsifying (ASNE). The previous study showed that ASNE (15 mg/mL) demonstrated 12.0 ± 0.2 nm,-46.3 ± 4.2 mV, and 99.4% of particle size, zeta potential, and transmittance, respectively. This formulation is thermodynamically stable and significantly improved dissolution as opposed to andrographolide (AND) suspension. The ASNE also improves the AND bioavailability in rabbit plasma with AUC value enhanced by 1.2-fold, C max increased by 1.26fold, and T max decreased by 1.72-fold when compared to AND suspension. 1 We expect to examine the correlation between an increase in pharmacokinetic profiles previously studied and the antidiabetic activity of ASNE. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to the effects of insulin secretion or insulin action. It currently affects 463 million people worldwide but this figure is estimated to reach up to 578 million by 2030. Another study also reported that 8.3% people suffer from DM to date with the number predicted to increase to more than 700 million globally by 2045. 2-4 Apart from the use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic, other effective methods for treating diabetes have yet to be developed. Meanwhile, the initial symptom in the pathogenesis of diabetes is a decrease in the beta-cell function, which plays a role in causing type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, it is necessary to restore cell functions to prevent T2DM. 5 Self-nanoemulsifying (SNE) is a method to improve the solubility and bioavailability of drugs, such as AND, 1 lovastatin, 6 nisoldipine, 7 and glipizide. 8 SNE has also been

Antidiabetic effects of Andrographis paniculata supplementation on biochemical parameters, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress in canine diabetes

“…This might explain why A. paniculata treatment did not improve the characteristic features of canine DM in the present study. Furthermore, the findings of the current study were inconsistent with those of other rodent studies, which reported lowered glucose levels and decreased DM complications after treatment with A. paniculata and andrographolide ( Yu et al, 2003 ; Lee et al, 2010 ; Nugroho et al, 2012 ; Ji et al, 2016 ; Islam, 2017 ; Naik et al, 2017 ; Wediasari et al, 2020 ; Mehta et al, 2021 ; Syukri et al, 2021 ). However, the DM in rodents was chemically induced with streptozotocin or alloxan, which promotes cell death and decreases insulin production; this is different from the canine DM produced by chronic autoantibody destruction over a long period ( Al-awar et al, 2016 ; Furman, 2021 ; O’Kell et al, 2022 ).…”

“…A. paniculata , a medicinal plant typically used as an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent, has been studied for its possible impact on the management of DM in humans ( Nugroho et al, 2012 ; Dai et al, 2019 ; Adiguna et al, 2021 ; Hossain et al, 2021 ). Andrographolide is a potential bioactive phytochemical in A. paniculata , which possesses antidiabetic properties ( Nugroho et al, 2012 ; Ji et al, 2016 ; Islam, 2017 ; Naik et al, 2017 ; Mehta et al, 2021 ; Syukri et al, 2021 ). Plasma andrographolide was detected in dogs orally treated with A. paniculata tablets, indicating that andrographolide can be absorbed via the GI tract ( Xu et al, 2015 ).…”

Design and characterization of propolis extract loaded self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system as immunostimulant

“…SNEDDS formulations have been widely used and shown to increase the solubility of embelin ( Parmar et al, 2015 ), nystatin ( Kassem et al, 2016 ), and adefovir dipivoxil ( Gupta et al, 2011 ). Meanwhile, andrographolide in self-nano emulsifying is reported effective to prevent diabetes by lowering blood glucose levels, ameliorating islet beta cells, and inhibiting lipid formation in adipocyte cells ( Syukri et al, 2021b ).…”