Self‐medication misuse in the Middle East: a systematic literature review

Khalifeh, Malak; Moore, Nicholas; Salameh, Pascale

doi:10.1002/prp2.323

Cited by 85 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(122 reference statements)

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“…In many countries of the Arab world, medications are classified as "prescription" drugs but are often available for sale in pharmacies without a prescription. [46][47][48][49] Where legal and authorized, this practice provides an opportunity for pharmacists to enhance the level of care provided to patients, particularly in areas where infrastructure and comprehensive medical services are either unavailable or disrupted by ongoing conflicts.…”

Section: Recent Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Call to Action to Transform Pharmacy Education and Practice in the Arab World

Al-Ghananeem

Malcom

Shammas³

et al. 2018

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education

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Globally, pharmacy education is evolving to reflect a more patient-centered, interprofessional approach to clinical practice. In the 22 countries of the Arab world, advancements in regulatory support for pharmacy practice and changes to the health care system have been slower than in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Significant cultural, logistical, and legal barriers exist in many countries, and a consensus approach to accreditation, educational outcomes, and curricula design is lacking. This commentary briefly examines the current state of both pharmacy education and practice in the Arab world, and it highlights recent reports of curricular reform and innovation. Additionally, it provides potential strategies for improving the quality of education and for expanding pharmacy practice to ensure graduates and practitioners have adequate experiential opportunities and institutional support.

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Section: Recent Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Call to Action to Transform Pharmacy Education and Practice in the Arab World

Al-Ghananeem

Malcom

Shammas³

et al. 2018

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education

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“…According to a systematic review, self-medication behavior has been increasing in rates in the Middle East (8). The arbitrary drug use rate in Iran is about three times of the global average.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Freire's Adult Education Model in Modifying the Psychological Constructs of Health Belief Model in Self-medication Behaviors of Elderly: a randomized controlled trial

Gharouni

Ardalan

Araban

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background : As people age, they are more likely to engage in self-medication and suffer from its adverse effects. The present study aimed to modifying knowledge, psychological constructs of Health Belief Model (HBM), and self-medication behaviors using Freire’s Adult Education Model (FAEM) among elderlies in Khorramabad, Iran, from 2017 to 2018. Methods: This research was of a randomized controlled trial conducted on 132 individuals older than 60 who were referred from health care centers. The participants were selected using multistage sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. The data collection instruments included a questionnaire which was designed based on both HBM and self-medication behaviors questionnaire. The phases of adult education model (AEM) was used to modify the psychological constructs of HBM and self-medication behaviors. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 with a significance level of 0.05. Descriptive statistical tests, chi-squared test, paired t-test, independent t-test, and univariate modeling were employed for this purpose. Results : The mean age of the elderlies was 66.28±7.18 years. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of self-medication. Unawareness of the effects of medicine were the most important cause of self-medication (p=0.50). The two groups were not significantly different in terms of knowledge, HBM constructs, and self-medication behaviors (p>0.05). However, they came up to be considerably different for the above variables after the intervention was completed (p<0.05). When the findings were adjusted for the effects of confounding variables, there were significant differences between almost all constructs of HBM and their behaviors ( p < 0.05). However, the perceived barrier modality of HBM did not reach to a significant level of difference between two groups. Conclusion: The educational intervention, which was based on Freire’s AEM, had positive effects on the constructs of HBM and consequently on self-medication behaviors. The psychological constructs of HBM were affected at the phases of listening to problems. Self-medication was tempered at the action-reflection phase with shared creation and evaluation of the action plan geared towards the achievement of the behavioral objectives.

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“…There are empirical research evidence that suggest demand for non over the counter (OTC) drugs from consumers' side is pervasive in Iran (23). It is also propounded that a staggering demand exists for some of the medical procedures, among them search for rhinoplasty and caesarean section in case of uncomplicated deliveries are paramount (16,24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumer Instigated Unnecessary Medicalization in Iran: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis of the Health Professionals’ Conjectures

Shaghaghi

2018

Health Scope

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Background: Medicalization of the natural lifelong socio-biological phenomena is one of the epitomes of challenges in front of modern societies. Empirical research findings have reveled that demand for some of the health care services is expanding, especially after commencement of the Health Transformation Plan (HTP) in Iran. Given the evidence about the precedents and probable streamline role of the sovereign market and consumers' demands on the country's surging medicalization trend, this study was aimed at exploring the healthcare professionals' (HCPs) prospects about the demand side portrayal of the phenomenon. Methods: Purposive and snowball sampling method were used to recruit a total of 31 key national informants to participate in 14 semi-structured interviews and 3 focus group discussions that were planned to acquire data and insights that were not accomplished during the interview sessions. The data were collected, transcribed, and analyzed from March 2016 to February 2017 using content analysis (inductive and deductive) approach to identify certain concepts and explore the underlying facts behind the discourses. The transcribed texts were indexed and codes were extracted and categorized into subthemes and themes. MAXQDA 12 software was used for better organizing and managing the data. Results: Data were organized in 4 categories and 10 subcategories. Factors relating to national/provincial health policies and plans, healthcare consumers, the public expectations about health care professionals' affluence, and community context were considered as key sets of factors to infuriate unnecessary medicalization in Iran with the HTP having considerable role as a suitable platform to boost the incongruous phenomenon. Conclusions:The socio-cultural context and health policy making mechanisms could have a significant role in over utilization of health services and unrestrained medicalization in Iran. The dilemma should be regarded as a multidimensional embarrassment and until a multifaceted approach was not applied for its control, no major success could be expectable.

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Self‐medication misuse in the Middle East: a systematic literature review

Cited by 85 publications

References 55 publications

A Call to Action to Transform Pharmacy Education and Practice in the Arab World

A Call to Action to Transform Pharmacy Education and Practice in the Arab World

Application of Freire's Adult Education Model in Modifying the Psychological Constructs of Health Belief Model in Self-medication Behaviors of Elderly: a randomized controlled trial

Consumer Instigated Unnecessary Medicalization in Iran: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis of the Health Professionals’ Conjectures

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