Self-Interest Bias in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Cultural Comparison between the United States and China

Dong, Mengchen; Spadaro, Giuliana; Yuan, Shuai; Song, Yue; Ye, Zi; Ren, Xin

doi:10.1177/00220221211025739

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…Previous studies suggested a number of factors that influence the degree to which people in different societies supported or rejected COVID-19 pandemic-related health behaviors, including selfinterest, pro-sociality, religiosity, conspiracy beliefs, trust, national identification, perceived effectiveness, and quality of institutions (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). In this paper, we argue that in order to understand why people support or oppose certain measures, it is crucial to understand (I) which individuals, groups, social movements, or organizations (referred to as 'protagonists' in the following) people identify as relevant and (II) how they are evaluated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Warmth and competence perceptions of key protagonists are associated with containment measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from 35 countries

Friehs¹,

Kotzur²,

Kraus³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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It is crucial to understand why people comply with measures to contain viruses and their effects during pandemics. We provide evidence from 35 countries (Ntotal = 12,553) from six continents during the COVID-19 pandemic that the social perception of key protagonists on two basic dimensions of social perception – warmth and competence – played a crucial role in shaping pandemic-related behaviors. Firstly, heads of state, physicians, and protest movements were universally identified as key protagonists across countries. Secondly, the social perception of these and other protagonists differed significantly within and between countries across warmth and competence. Thirdly, warmth and competence perceptions of heads of state, physicians, and protest movements translated into support and opposition intentions, containment and prevention behaviors, as well as vaccination uptake. Our results have important implications for designing effective interventions to motivate desirable health outcomes and coping with future health crises and other global challenges.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Warmth and competence perceptions of key protagonists are associated with containment measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from 35 countries

Friehs¹,

Kotzur²,

Kraus³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We also performed post hoc power assessments using the R package “semPower” to quantify the achieved power of our structural equation modeling (Dong et al, 2021; Moshagen & Erdfelder, 2016). On the basis of the parameters of our baseline model (e.g., df = 224, Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation = .08 in the model predicting outgroup trust), a sample size of N = 528 yielded a power >99.99% to reject an incorrect model at an α level of .05.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrast of felt understanding and intergroup relations within and between communities.

Ioku¹,

Watamura²

2022

Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology

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Felt understanding is linked to intergroup relations. However, almost all of the studies linking felt understanding to intergroup relations have been conducted in a relation where ingroups and outgroups cohabit within a community having a shared superordinate political structure/system (cohabitating target). It is unclear whether this association generaliddzes to another relation that ingroups and outgroups live in separate communities with different superordinate systems (separate target). The present work investigates whether the predictive role of felt understanding in intergroup relations differs across the two targets—Chinese people in Japan (CIJ) and Chinese people outside of Japan (COJ). Data were collected in Japan by two online surveys among 536 Japanese (189 females) in 2021. Multigroup analysis found that felt understanding was linked to positive intergroup outcomes (positive action tendencies, outgroup trust, intergroup orientation) for both cohabiting and separate target conditions. Also, post hoc mediation analysis suggested that the cohabiting/separate target condition was positively related to felt understanding, and higher felt understanding, in turn, results in the outcomes. These results indicate that felt understanding can be beneficial even in intergroup relations not involving a shared superordinate system and that the level (not the effect) of felt understanding may be influenced by cohabiting/separate targets. Implications for consolidating peace in Japan–China relations are discussed, which may be relevant to other international relations.

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“…Here, the self-interests of the individuals following or breaking the rules are key. That is individuals' self-interests defined by an initial behaviour (i.e., the a priori behaviour expressed without an external constraint; [47][48][49][50][51]). In some individuals, this initial behaviour persists after a rule is present [23].…”

Section: Spontaneous Deliberative Rule-breakingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taking the chance!–Interindividual differences in rule-breaking

Cubillos-Pinilla

Emmerling²

2022

PLoS ONE

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While some individuals tend to follow norms, others, in the face of tempting but forbidden options, tend to commit rule-breaking when this action is beneficial for themselves. Previous studies have neglected such interindividual differences in rule-breaking. The present study fills this gap by investigating cognitive characteristics of individuals who commit spontaneous deliberative rule-breaking (rule-breakers) versus rule-followers. We developed a computerised task, in which 133 participants were incentivised to sometimes violate set rules which would–if followed–lead to a loss. While 52% of participants tended to break rules to obtain a benefit, 48% tended to follow rules even if this behaviour led to loss. Although rule-breakers experienced significantly more cognitive conflict (measured via response times and mouse movement trajectories) than rule-followers, they also obtained higher payoffs. In rule-breakers, cognitive conflict was more pronounced when violating the rules than when following them, and mainly during action planning. This conflict increased with frequent, recurrent, and early rule-breaking. Our results were in line with the Decision-Implementation-Mandatory switch-Inhibition model and thus extend the application of this model to the interindividual differences in rule-breaking. Furthermore, personality traits such as extroversion, disagreeableness, risk propensity, high impulsiveness seem to play a role in the appreciation of behaviours and cognitive characteristics of rule-followers and rule-breakers. This study opens the path towards the understanding of the cognitive characteristics of the interindividual differences in responses towards rules, and especially in spontaneous deliberative rule-breaking.

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Self-Interest Bias in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Cultural Comparison between the United States and China

Cited by 15 publications

References 50 publications

Warmth and competence perceptions of key protagonists are associated with containment measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from 35 countries

Warmth and competence perceptions of key protagonists are associated with containment measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from 35 countries

Contrast of felt understanding and intergroup relations within and between communities.

Taking the chance!–Interindividual differences in rule-breaking

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