Self-Indicating Polymer Prodrug Nanoparticles for pH-Responsive Drug Delivery in Cancer Cells and Real-Time Monitoring of Drug Release

Abstract

Amphiphilic self-indicating and responsive polymerbased prodrugs have generated much interest as potential stimuliresponsive intelligent drug delivery systems (DDS) due to their ability to selectively deliver drugs to the cancer cells and to monitor real-time cellular uptake of the drug by imaging technique(s). In this direction, we have synthesized a new pHresponsive N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and coumarin-based fluorescent self-indicating polymeric prodrug (SIPD), poly(NVP)-b-poly-(FPA.DOX-r-FPA-r-CA). This block copolymer prodrug selfassembled into stable micellar nanoparticles under physiological conditions that reduced undesirable drug leakage to normal cells but resulted in the release of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer cells because of acidic pH-induced cleavage of imine bonds between DOX and the copolymer. While the polymer was found to be highly biocompatible with both normal (HEK-293) cells and cancer (MCF-7) cells even at high concentrations by MTT assay, the polymer prodrug nanoparticles showed toxicity even higher than that of free DOX in cancer cells. Phase contrast microscopy also depicted the cytotoxic effects of the nanoparticles on cancer cells. The coumarin units present in the polymer served as a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair with the covalently attached DOX molecules, which was established by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, confocal microscopy results confirmed the FRET phenomenon, as the fluorescence intensity of coumarin in the micellar nanoparticles remained quenched initially in MCF-7 cells but recovered with time as the DOX molecules were released and gradually shifted toward the targeted nucleus. All of these studies implied that the synthesized prodrug nanoparticles may provide another viable option for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs into cancer cells with a capability of real-time monitoring of drug release.