Self‐Healing of Cracks in Concrete Using Bacillus Strains Encapsulated in Sodium Alginate Beads

Shahid, Saman; Aslam, Muhammad; Ali, Shahid; Zameer, Mariam; Faisal, Muhammad

doi:10.1002/slct.201902206

Cited by 26 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“… Encapsulation in polymeric materials -hydrogel, sodium alginate, calcium alginate, rubber particle, melamine microcapsule, silica gel (SG), polyurethane (PU), peroxide tablets [9,10,11,12,23,25,32,33,34,35].  Encapsulation in lightweight aggregate -expanded clay (EC), Leca aggregates, expanded perlite (EP), ceramsite [3,4,5,6,7,8,13,22,36,37,39].…”

Section: Effect Of Bacterial Encapsulation On Crack Widthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence these effects of encapsulation materials on concrete can play a dominant role in determining the self-healing performance. According to Table 11, polymeric encapsulation materials like hydrogels [11,12], alginates [34,35], and melamine microcapsules [23] have poor mechanical strength recovery. In contrast, other polymeric materials such as rubber particles [25], silica gel and polyurethane [9] have improved effect on compression and flexural strength in reference to original mix composition.…”

Section: Comparative Assessment Of Encapsulation Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Encapsulation Techniques and Test Methods of Evaluating the Bacteria-Based Self-Healing Efficiency of Concrete: A Literature Review

Roy

Rossi

Silfwerbrand

et al. 2020

Nordic Concrete Research

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Crack formation in concrete structures due to various load and non-load factors leading to degradation of service life is very common. Repair and maintenance operations are, therefore, necessary to prevent cracks propagating and reducing the service life of the structures. Accessibility to affected areas can, however, be difficult as the reconstruction and maintenance of concrete buildings are expensive in labour and capital. Autonomous healing by encapsulated bacteria-based self-healing agents is a possible solution. During this process, the bacteria are released from a broken capsule or triggered by water and oxygen access. However, its performance and reliability depend on continuous water supply, protection against the harsh environment, and densification of the cementitious matrix for the bacteria to act. There are vast methods of encapsulating bacteria and the most common carriers used are: encapsulation in polymeric materials, lightweight aggregates, cementitious materials, special minerals, nanomaterials, and waste-derived biomass. Self-healing efficiency of these encapsulated technologies can be assessed through many experimental methodologies according to the literature. These experimental evaluations are performed in terms of quantification of crackhealing, recovery of durability and mechanical properties (macro-level test) and characterization of precipitated crystals by healing agent (micro-level test). Until now, quantification of crack-healing by light microscopy revealed maximum crack width of 1.80mm healed. All research methods available for assesing self-healing efficiency of bacteria-based healing agents are worth reviewing in order to include a coherent, if not standardized framework testing system and a comparative evaluation for a novel incorporated bacteria-based healing agent.

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Section: Effect Of Bacterial Encapsulation On Crack Widthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparative Assessment Of Encapsulation Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encapsulation Techniques and Test Methods of Evaluating the Bacteria-Based Self-Healing Efficiency of Concrete: A Literature Review

Roy

Rossi

Silfwerbrand

et al. 2020

Nordic Concrete Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The potential risk associated with the use of this bacterium in fermentation facilities is low. Bacillus subtilis is also proven to have a significant effect on the self-healing of cracks in concretes [ 13 ]. Therefore, it was used in this research project to study its effects on the development of microbial films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidation of Mechanical, Physical, Chemical and Thermal Properties of Microbial Composite Films by Integrating Sodium Alginate with Bacillus subtilis sp.

et al. 2021

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Materials are the foundation in human development for improving human standards of life. This research aimed to develop microbial composite films by integrating sodium alginate with Bacillus subtilis. Sodium alginate film was fabricated as control. The microbial composite films were fabricated by integrating 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 g of Bacillus subtilis into the sodium alginate. Evaluations were performed on the mechanical, physical, chemical and thermal properties of the films. It was found that films reinforced with Bacillus subtilis significantly improved all the mentioned properties. Results show that 0.5 g microbial composite films had the highest tensile strength, breaking strain and toughness, which were 0.858 MPa, 87.406% and 0.045 MJ/m3, respectively. The thickness of the film was 1.057 mm. White light opacity, black light opacity and brightness values were 13.65%, 40.55% and 8.19%, respectively. It also had the highest conductivity, which was 37 mV, while its water absorption ability was 300.93%. Furthermore, it had a higher melting point of 218.94 °C and higher decomposition temperature of 252.69 °C. SEM also showed that it had filled cross-sectional structure and smoother surface compared to the sodium alginate film. Additionally, FTIR showed that 0.5 g microbial composite films possessed more functional groups at 800 and 662 cm-1 wavenumbers that referred to C–C, C–OH, C–H ring and side group vibrations and C-OH out-of-plane bending, respectively, which contributed to the stronger bonds in the microbial composite film. Initial conclusions depict the potential of Bacillus subtilis to be used as reinforcing material in the development of microbial composite films, which also have the prospect to be used in electronic applications. This is due to the conductivity of the films increasing as Bacillus subtilis cell mass increases.

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“…Singh and Gupta [22] produced self-healing mortar by using alkaline bacteria producing minerals. Shahid et al [23] focused on the microcracks' self-healing capability in concrete by using different Bacillus strains. ey achieved a 16% increase in compressive strength in concrete and significant healing with Bacillus subtilis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on the Preparation of Microbial Capsules by Epoxy Resin‐Coated Bacillus pasteurii

Liu

Jia

et al. 2021

Shock and Vibration

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With the increasing number of underground engineering construction projects such as coal mining, tunnel, and subway, water inrush disasters occur more and more frequently. Inspired by the phenomenon of microbial mineralization and diagenesis, microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is used to repair cracks in cement-based materials, which provides a new idea to solve the problem of water inrush. To investigate the self-healing properties of microbial capsules, this paper selected epoxy resin E-51 cured by DMP-30 as the wall material and Bacillus pasteurii as the core materials for experiments. In this paper, a single-factor method was adopted to determine the optimal preparation process of microbial capsules and the oil-phase separation method to prepare the microbial capsules. The effects of various factors on the experimental results under different core-wall ratios, reaction time, reaction temperatures, and agitation rates were analyzed. Microbial capsules were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and optical microscopy to explore the functional groups and features of microbial capsules. The experimental results showed that the microbial capsules achieved the best performance with a core-to-wall ratio of 1 : 3, a reaction temperature of 50°C, a reaction time of 40 min, and a stirring rate of 300 rpm. Meanwhile, we determined the spore survival rate of microbial capsules and finally studied the waterproofness, storage stability, and rupture under the pressure of microbial capsules. We concluded that microbial capsules have high-efficiency and self-healing properties.

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Self‐Healing of Cracks in Concrete Using Bacillus Strains Encapsulated in Sodium Alginate Beads

Cited by 26 publications

References 33 publications

Encapsulation Techniques and Test Methods of Evaluating the Bacteria-Based Self-Healing Efficiency of Concrete: A Literature Review

Encapsulation Techniques and Test Methods of Evaluating the Bacteria-Based Self-Healing Efficiency of Concrete: A Literature Review

Elucidation of Mechanical, Physical, Chemical and Thermal Properties of Microbial Composite Films by Integrating Sodium Alginate with Bacillus subtilis sp.

Research on the Preparation of Microbial Capsules by Epoxy Resin‐Coated Bacillus pasteurii

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