“…Research has consistently confirmed that ethnic minorities, especially those from stigmatized groups, are more likely than majority-group members to demonstrate ethnicity salience (e.g., Phinney, 1989;Verkuyten, 2002), as, for example, by including references to their ethnicity in their self-descriptions (e.g., Hutnik, 1991;Verkuyten, 1990). There is considerable evidence (see Phinney, 1990) that ethnicity salience, especially at the basic level of self-definition , is largely dependent upon being a distinctive minority in the immediate and larger societal context.…”