Self-driving cars will change cities

Zakharenko, Roman

doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.09.003

Cited by 150 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…107 Zakharenko provided a comprehensive overview of how urban areas could be altered by CAV deployment. 60 Such qualitative discussion is common in the literature, but more quantitative analyses are needed to inform land-use policies and urban planning.…”

Section: Environmental Science and Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Energy, Environmental, and Sustainability Implications of Connected and Automated Vehicles

Taiebat

Brown

Safford

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

131

102

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Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) are poised to reshape transportation and mobility by replacing humans as the driver and service provider. While the primary stated motivation for vehicle automation is to improve safety and convenience of road mobility, this transformation also provides a valuable opportunity to improve vehicle energy efficiency and reduce emissions in the transportation sector. Progress in vehicle efficiency and functionality, however, does not necessarily translate to net positive environmental outcomes. Here, we examine the interactions between CAV technology and the environment at four levels of increasing complexity: vehicle, transportation system, urban system, and society. We find that environmental impacts come from CAV-facilitated transformations at all four levels, rather than from CAV technology directly. We anticipate net positive environmental impacts at the vehicle, transportation system, and urban system levels, but expect greater vehicle utilization and shifts in travel patterns at the society level to offset some of these benefits. Focusing on the vehicle-level improvements associated with CAV technology is likely to yield excessively optimistic estimates of environmental benefits. Future research and policy efforts should strive to clarify the extent and possible synergetic effects from a systems level to envisage and address concerns regarding the short- and long-term sustainable adoption of CAV technology.

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Section: Environmental Science and Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Energy, Environmental, and Sustainability Implications of Connected and Automated Vehicles

Taiebat

Brown

Safford

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci. Technol.

131

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, it is possible that the provision costs of parking infrastructure exceed the travel costs to free (or more convenient) parking spaces -along the same line, it is also possible than cruising without a driver for short periods of time be more convenient than paying an expensive parking fee. As a result, it can be expected that the demand for parking lots be relocated to sparsely populated areas, where parking space is not a scarce good (Chapin et al, 2016;Zakharenko, 2016). Furthermore, the development of autonomous taxi-like vehicles ("Vehicle on Demand"; Wachenfeld et al, 2015) would also result in a significant reduction of the demand for parking lots in city centers (Heinrichs, 2015).…”

Section: Autonomous Driving and Its Possible Implications On The Builmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomous driving, the built environment and policy implications

Fraedrich

Heinrichs

Bahamonde-Birke

et al. 2019

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

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This article seeks to clarify how autonomous vehicles (AV) could affect urban planning and the built environment, to what extent these effects are compatible with municipalities' existing objectives, and what lessons can be drawn from that. The paper combines a systematic review of the literature, a quantitative online survey and qualitative interviews with representatives from urban transport planning authorities in Germany. Four concrete 'use cases' were applied to structure the survey.Results show that respondents are rather skeptical about the compatibility of AV with existing transport and urban planning objectives, above all to strengthen non-motorized transportation and to promote public transportation. Particularly, automating private motorized travel appears not to match municipal planning perspectives. On the contrary, transport planners think that shared autonomous vehicles as a complement to public transport systems are more appropriate to support urban development strategies. Their most prominent concern with respect to AV is the expectation that car travel will increase with AV, propagating problems like congestion and negative environmental effects. However, survey respondents expect that effects differ quite strongly depending on how AV will occur.As a lesson, the study suggests that different AV use cases should receive specific attention to explore their potentials and challenges. The study likewise suggests to, given the discrepancy between the objectives of urban transport planning and federal government's policy focus, consider consolidating the communal strategic positions on research and development priorities. The results indicate a demand for studies that demonstrate how AV can respond to more fundamental challenges and goals that city planner's face. Given the wide range of potential implications, the study suggests to broaden the debate from its present primary focus on the transport planning domain to city planning and development.

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“…Other studies focus on a certain aspect of AVs, such as fuel consumption and market shares (Brown et al [15], Fagnant and Kockelman [16], Kyriakidis et al [17], Transport Analysis [18] [19], Bansal and Kockelman [20], Harper et al [21], Wadud et al [22], Zakharenko [23], König and Neumayr [24], The Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute [25], USPS [26], Zaiqiang and…”

Section: Journal Of Transportation Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits and Costs of Autonomous Trucks and Cars

Andersson¹,

Ivehammar²

2019

JTTs

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Autonomous vehicles are currently developed, and are expected to be introduced gradually. Society needs a basis for decisions regarding market interventions. This study identifies, quantifies and values the benefits and costs of autonomous trucks and cars considering generalized costs, external effects and social marginal cost pricing to consumers with Swedish data. The results show that the greatest benefits are saved driver costs for trucks and decreased travel time costs for car drivers. In the example calculations, capital costs may increase by 22 percent for cars and 36 percent for trucks for benefits to exceed costs in 2025. Subsidies are not needed since the producers and consumers get the major benefits and pay the costs. Journal of Transportation Technologies driver costs for both trucks and cars. The applied methodology is common for evaluating infrastructure investments; in this study it is applied to the introduction of a new technology for transportation. We use today's knowledge to quantify the magnitude of benefits and costs related to AVs.The purpose of the study is to estimate the relative importance of identified effects of autonomous trucks and cars, the distribution of effects, and whether benefits are greater than costs, by using theory, previous studies and the unit values for transportation costs applied in Sweden. In an example calculation, some studied alternatives based on Swedish statistics and forecasts are compared with a reference scenario. A number of assumptions about effects are altered in a sensitivity analysis to find out which effects are crucial.The real effects of creating or using resources, excluding any redistribution effects, based on changes in generalized cost are presented. We consider whether social marginal cost pricing to consumers prevails on the markets concerned, both to estimate all effects accurately and to be able to analyse how the effects for society as a whole and the effects for producers and consumers on the transport markets are interrelated. Based on the latter, it is possible to discuss the policy implications of the result. To our knowledge, no such holistic approach has been applied to quantify the benefits and costs of both freight and passenger transportation on the road. Few studies appear to have aimed to quantify and value the effects on society as a whole including the saved resources for driving cars and trucks. SAE International [1] has developed taxonomy for driving automation. Lower levels (1 and 2) are already implemented in many modern vehicles with driver assistance and partial automation. Level 3 is an intermediate state with driving automation, where the driver is required to intervene in critical situations. Levels 4 and 5 represent high or full driving automation. We construct a reference alternative where all vehicles develop to level 2, manually driven vehicles (MDV), and compare this to studied alternatives where AVs with full automation are introduced. Level 3 is assumed transitory, since several car producers, as Ford and Volvo,...

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Self-driving cars will change cities

Cited by 150 publications

References 9 publications

A Review on Energy, Environmental, and Sustainability Implications of Connected and Automated Vehicles

A Review on Energy, Environmental, and Sustainability Implications of Connected and Automated Vehicles

Autonomous driving, the built environment and policy implications

Benefits and Costs of Autonomous Trucks and Cars

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