Self-diffusion of toluene in polystyrene solutions

Pickup, Stephen; Blum, Frank D.

doi:10.1021/ma00200a025

Cited by 132 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The apparent activation energies for trace amounts of protonated solvent molecules in pure toluene-d 8 and ethylbenzene-d 10 were 9.3 and 11.6 kJ/mol, respectively. E a for toluene was comparable to values reported in the literature (E a = 10.5 kJ/mol) (32). The viscosity of a solvent changes with temperature.…”

Section: Arrhenius Plotsupporting

confidence: 86%

Flocculation Behavior of Asphaltenes in Solvent/Nonsolvent Systems

Östlund

Löfroth

Holmberg

et al. 2002

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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Section: Arrhenius Plotsupporting

confidence: 86%

Flocculation Behavior of Asphaltenes in Solvent/Nonsolvent Systems

Östlund

Löfroth

Holmberg

et al. 2002

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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“…This equation was used to evaluate the contribution of normal boiling (volume evaporation) in FEL ablation by using D vol values from the literature. [125][126][127] Table 8 includes the relevant parameters for the calculation of D vol b for both matrices as well as the values of the mean diffusion distance for the FEL macropulse duration. The calculations assume a value of r of 20λ, i.e., a bubble radius of 20 times the size of the solvent molecule.…”

Section: Volume Diffusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Resonant Infrared Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation

Torres

Johnson

Haglund

et al. 2011

Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences

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For the last decade, a variant of pulsed laser ablation, Resonant-Infrared Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (RIR-MAPLE), has been studied as a deposition technique for organic and polymeric materials. RIR-MAPLE minimizes photochemical damage from direct interaction with the intense laser beam by encapsulating the polymer in a high infrared-absorption solvent matrix. This review critically examines the thermally-induced ablation mechanisms resulting from irradiation of cryogenic solvent matrices by a tunable free electron laser (FEL). A semi-empirical model is used to calculate temperatures as a function of time in the focal volume and determine heating rates for different resonant modes in two model solvents, based on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the phase transitions induced in the solvent matrices.Three principal ablation mechanisms are discussed, namely normal vaporization at the surface, normal boiling, and phase explosion. Normal vaporization is a highly inefficient polymer deposition mechanism as it relies on collective collisions with evaporating solvent molecules. Diffusion length calculations for heterogeneously nucleated vapor bubbles show that normal boiling is kinetically limited. During high-power pulsed-FEL irradiation, phase explosion is shown to be the most significant contribution to polymer deposition in RIR-MAPLE. Phase explosion occurs when the target is rapidly heated (10 8 to 10 10 K/s) and the solvent matrix approaches its critical temperature. Spontaneous density stratification (spinodal decay) within the condensed metastable phase leads to rapid homogeneous nucleation of vapor bubbles. As these vapor bubbles interconnect, large pressures build up within the condensed phase, leading to target explosions and recoil-induced ejections of polymer to a near substrate. Phase explosion is a temperature (fluence) threshold-limited process, while surface evaporation can occur even at very low fluences.

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“…Figure 7 shows plots of self-diffusion coefficients of toluene in polystyrene, fitted to the experimental data obtained from the pulsed-gradient spin-echo NMR technique. 10) In a fitting procedure, the calculated value of diffusion coefficient of pure solvent are fitted to an experimental data, then best fit is examined by changing an effective mass of polymer particles for the whole range of solvent concentration.…”

Section: Dissipative Force Is Enlarged In Eq(5)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesoscopic Simulation for the Drying Process of Polymer Films

Yamamoto¹

2004

J. Soc. Rheol., Jpn

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A mesoscopic simulation method is presented to predict the drying behavior of polymer films using a dissipative particle dynamics method (DPD) with a simple model for evaporation. A gas phase is set above the polymer solution, and then evaporation of the solvent particle is calculated with appropriate parameters which lead solvent particles to prefer the gas phase rather than the polymer solution. A solvent particle that moves into the gas phase is considered as a gas particle after being determined as having evaporated. An effective mass is considered, so as to represent the relatively slower motion of the polymer particle compared to the solvent particle and the dependence of solvent diffusivity on its concentration in a polymer solution. A time-dependent profile of solvent concentration throughout the polymer film was successfully calculated, and skin formation, which indicates significant concentration gradients on the surface of the polymer film, was also observed.

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Self-diffusion of toluene in polystyrene solutions

Cited by 132 publications

References 20 publications

Flocculation Behavior of Asphaltenes in Solvent/Nonsolvent Systems

Flocculation Behavior of Asphaltenes in Solvent/Nonsolvent Systems

Mechanisms of Resonant Infrared Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation

Mesoscopic Simulation for the Drying Process of Polymer Films

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