Self-Control and Impulsiveness in Adult Humans: Comparison of Qualitatively Different Consumable Reinforcers Using a New Methodology

Forzano, L.B.; Michels, Jennifer L.; Sorama, Michiko; Etopio, A. L.; English, Erica J.

doi:10.1007/s40732-014-0038-7

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…However, there have been inconsistent findings across studies, likely due in part to variability in characteristics of the task. Specifically, delay discounting is influenced by reward magnitude (Myerson & Green, 1995), delay length, type of reward (e.g., monetary versus non-monetary) (Chapman & Elstein, 1995; Demurie, Roeyers, Baeyens, & Sonuga-Barke, 2013; Friedel, DeHart, Madden, & Odum, 2014; Killeen, 2015), and whether the rewards are immediately consumable (e.g., food versus money) (Forzano, Michels, Sorama, Etopio, & English, 2014). We recently found ADHD-associated increases in delay discounting to be specific to girls and specific to a novel real-time discounting task involving immediately consumable rewards, but not a classic monetary discounting task, suggesting that inconsistent findings across studies may also be due to task differences or individual characteristics such as sex (Rosch & Mostofsky, 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

Investigating the Impact of Cognitive Load and Motivation on Response Control in Relation to Delay Discounting in Children with ADHD

Martinelli

Mostofsky

Rosch

2016

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by deficits in impulse control across a range of behaviors, from simple actions to those involving complex decision-making (e.g., preference for smaller-sooner versus larger later rewards). This study investigated whether changes in motor response control with increased cognitive load and motivational contingencies are associated with decision-making in the form of delay discounting among 8-12 year old children with and without ADHD. Children with ADHD (n = 26; 8 girls) and typically developing controls (n = 40; 11 girls) completed a standard go/no-go (GNG) task, a GNG task with motivational contingencies, a GNG task with increased cognitive load, and two measures of delay discounting: a real-time task in which the delays and immediately consumable rewards are experienced in real-time, and a classic task involving choices about money at longer delays. Children with ADHD, particularly girls, exhibited greater delay discounting than controls during the real-time discounting task, whereas diagnostic groups did not significantly differ on the classic discounting task. The effect of cognitive load on response control was uniquely associated with greater discounting on the real-time task for children with ADHD, but not for control children. The effect of motivational contingencies on response control was not significantly associated with delay discounting for either diagnostic group. The findings from this study help to inform our understanding of the factors that influence deficient self-control in ADHD, suggesting that impairments in cognitive control may contribute to greater delay discounting in ADHD.

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confidence: 99%

Investigating the Impact of Cognitive Load and Motivation on Response Control in Relation to Delay Discounting in Children with ADHD

Martinelli

Mostofsky

Rosch

2016

J Abnorm Child Psychol

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“…The definition of impulsiveness strongly contrasts with that of self‐control, as the latter is characterized by “the choice of a larger, more delayed reinforcer over a smaller, less delayed reinforce,” while impulsiveness is the exact opposite (Forzano et al, 2014, p. 719). The opposition between desire and willpower is in fact essential to the concept of self‐control (Hoch & Loewenstein, 1991), since the latter serves to obstruct instant preferences in favor of long‐term ones (Wertenbroch, 1998).…”

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fooled in the relationship: How Amazon Prime members' sense of self‐control counter‐intuitively reinforces impulsive buying behavior

Ramadan

Farah

Saada

2021

J of Consumer Behaviour

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Amazon, the leader in the e‐retailing sector, has revolutionized online shopping through its vast areas of customer solutions, particularly with its Amazon Prime membership. Nonetheless, shoppers' behavior and attitudes in similar programs are yet to be researched. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the effect of self‐control on trust, affective attachment and impulse buying in online membership programs. Herein, researchers integrate retailers‐consumers' relational variables alongside shoppers' behavioral dimensions, to understand the long‐term relationship members have with Amazon Prime. A quantitative approach was adopted for this purpose, based on data collected over a period of 2 months from 630 respondents surveyed across the United States of America. Findings show that while self‐control first delimits impulsive shopping, it also reinforces shoppers' cognitive and affective ties with Amazon Prime, counterintuitively increasing their impulsive buys. This study is thus the first to demonstrate that retailers' membership programs such as Amazon Prime may come at the expense of consumers. This is due to the fact that such programs appear to reinforce impulsive behavior, while giving a false sense of self‐control to the shopper.

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“…Greenhow, Hunt, Macaskill, and Harper (2015) used Visual Basic to create a computer game in which participants navigated a skier down a slope, periodically making choices between a brief jump for a few points and a longer jump for more points. Forzano, Michels, Sorama, Etopio, and English (2014) created discounting tasks in which participants made choices between smaller, sooner and larger, later opportunities to drink juice or watch video clips of cartoons. Paglieri, Addessi, Sbaffi, Tasselli, and Delfino (2015) created a task in which participants chose between smaller numbers of blueberries or crackers immediately or larger numbers after a delay by clicking on image of the food on a computer screen (see also Kangas & Hackenberg, 2009 for a discussion of in-task reinforcers).…”

Section: Case Example In Arranging Outcomes Within Experimental Analo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Creating computerized experimental analogs for behavior analytic research.

Macaskill¹

2018

Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice

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Experimental analogs take defining features of socially important contexts and recreate them in controlled laboratory settings in order to identify cause-effect environmentbehavior relations. Computerized experimental analog tasks allow researchers to investigate issues that are difficult to study experimentally in applied settings for ethical or practical reasons; issues that include prevention of problem behavior, treatment integrity failure, escalation of problem behavior, punishment, and how stimulusstimulus relations develop. Delay discounting research provides an illustrative example of ways in which outcomes can be arranged within experimental analog tasks. Researchers have developed a range of creative approaches to presenting reinforcers within experimental tasks. A review of articles incorporating a computerized experimental analog task published in three key behavior analytic journals from 2014 to 2017 categorized the programming language or other approach used. The most common approach was the Visual Basic programming language, but, overall, researchers have adopted a variety of responses. The purpose of this article is to provide researchers with an overview of issues to consider when tailoring computerized experimental analog tasks to their research goals and context.

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Self-Control and Impulsiveness in Adult Humans: Comparison of Qualitatively Different Consumable Reinforcers Using a New Methodology

Cited by 6 publications

References 31 publications

Investigating the Impact of Cognitive Load and Motivation on Response Control in Relation to Delay Discounting in Children with ADHD

Investigating the Impact of Cognitive Load and Motivation on Response Control in Relation to Delay Discounting in Children with ADHD

Fooled in the relationship: How Amazon Prime members' sense of self‐control counter‐intuitively reinforces impulsive buying behavior

Creating computerized experimental analogs for behavior analytic research.

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