Self-consistent surface-temperature boundary condition for liquefying-fuel-based hybrid rockets internal-ballistics simulation

Combustion Characteristics of Vat-Photopolymerized Fuels with a Spiral Star Port for Hybrid Propulsion

“…At present, two strategies based on chemical and physical modifications are formed to upgrade the combustion characteristics and regression rates of solid fuel. On one hand, utilizing matrix materials with special mass transfer mechanisms, such as paraffin wax , and ethane gel, proves to be an effective method for enhancing the regression rate due to droplet entrainment and a vapor jetting mass transfer mechanism; however, the insufficient mechanical properties of paraffinic fuels at both high and low temperatures limit their widespread use in large engines. , On the other hand, the utilization of energetic materials can also significantly enhance the combustion performance of solid fuel. − Micro/nano metal particles, metal hydrides, and modified composite metal particles with a high energy density, a high gravimetric and volumetric heat, and a high thermal conductivity collectively enhance ballistic performance by increasing the flame temperature and reducing heat blockage. − However, many of the energetic materials are environmentally sensitive, posing safety limitations, while aggregation and agglomeration have been observed at the burning surface.…”