Self-consistent modelling of electrochemical strain microscopy in mixed ionic-electronic conductors: Nonlinear and dynamic regimes

Abstract

Dynamic Electrochemical Strain Microscopy (ESM) response of mixed ionic-electronic conductors is analysed in the framework of the Thomas-Fermi screening theory and Vegard law with accounting of the steric effects. The emergence of dynamic charge waves and nonlinear deformation of the surface as result of applying probing voltage is numerically explored. 2D maps of the strain and concentration distribution across the mixed ionic-electronic conductor and bias-induced surface displacements for ESM microscopy were calculated. Obtained numerical results can be of applied to quantify ESM response of Li-based solid electroytes, materials with resistive switching and electroactive ferroelectric polymers, which are of potential interest for flexible and high-density non-volatile memory devices

Electromechanical Coupling of Murine Lung Tissues Probed by Piezoresponse Force Microscopy

“…Although Vegard strain arising from ionic motion may also be linear to the applied voltage, recent theoretical analysis suggests that it plays a key role only at low voltage under 1 V, beyond which quadratic electrostriction dominates. 46,47 voltage is much smaller than the voltage we applied, and thus we can safely conclude that the piezoresponse in lung tissue is dominated by linear piezoelectricity, especially when no ionic species are expected to be present in the tissues. In addition, both first and second harmonic responses versus the driven frequency can be fitted nicely by the damped harmonic oscillator model, 48 allowing us to determine the quality factor and the intrinsic piezoresponse amplitude.…”

Determination of ferroelectric contributions to electromechanical response by frequency dependent piezoresponse force microscopy

“…Further details can be found in the supplementary information and recent work published by Varenyk et al . 46 .…”

Noncontact Imaging of Ion Dynamics in Polymer Electrolytes with Time-Resolved Electrostatic Force Microscopy

“…9,10 Consequently, to explore the properties of such materials, groups have used a wide range of scanning probe microscopy methods, 11-14 as well as measuring the behavior of a moving ion front via optical methods. 2,8,15 Electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) in particular has been widely applied to image ion uptake dynamics 16,17 and Prefabricated glass slides coated with a layer of indium tin oxide are sonicated in solutions of acetone and isopropyl alcohol successively. After sonication, the slides are plasma-cleaned for a period of 10 minutes and then immediately transferred to a dry-nitrogen atmosphere glovebox.Within this glovebox, the slides are spin-coated with the pre-prepared solutions containing the requisite solid polymer electrolyte.…”

“…9,10 Consequently, to explore the properties of such materials, groups have used a wide range of scanning probe microscopy methods 11−14 as well as measuring the behavior of a moving ion front via optical methods. 2,8,15 Electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) in particular has been widely applied to image ion uptake dynamics, 16,17 and our group reported the use of ESM to probe local swelling behavior upon ion uptake in polymer electrochemical transistors. 18,19 Nevertheless, methods like ESM were originally developed for high-modulus inorganic materials and can be challenging to apply on soft polymer and gel samples.…”

“…Ion-transport processes in thin film materials affect the performance of a wide variety of technologies ranging from bioelectronics , and electrochemical energy storage to the stability of perovskite photovoltaics. , The ability to characterize ion-transport dynamics in solid-state systems at the nanoscale is important to understanding the processing-structure–function relationships of these materials and has therefore attracted considerable interest. − Many polymer-based systems are, either by design or by consequence of their solution-based deposition kinetics, inherently nanostructured. , Consequently, to explore the properties of such materials, groups have used a wide range of scanning probe microscopy methods − as well as measuring the behavior of a moving ion front via optical methods. ,, Electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) in particular has been widely applied to image ion uptake dynamics, , and our group reported the use of ESM to probe local swelling behavior upon ion uptake in polymer electrochemical transistors. , …”