Self-Consistent and Direct Reading Laser Homodyne Measurement Technique

Pernick, B. J.

doi:10.1364/ao.12.000607

Cited by 32 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Usually the information corresponding to the DC term J 0 x is not used because it suffers large influence from electronic and ambient noise [26]. Pernick established the following expression to obtain the modulation index x from the harmonics amplitudes [20]:…”

Section: Pernick Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, they have reduced dynamic ranges, between 0.2 and 3.8 rad and between 0.035 and 6.1 rad, respectively. A method described by Pernick in 1973 [20] was among the first proposed to detect the value of the modulation index x from the spectral components of the photodetected signal. This method was not specially named, as happened with the J 1 max, J 1 null, J 1 ∕J 2 , J 1 ∕J 3 [21], J 1 …J 4 [18], and J 1 …J 6 [19] methods, for example.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wide dynamic range homodyne interferometry method and its application for piezoactuator displacement measurements

et al. 2013

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Multiactuated piezoelectric flextensional actuators (MAPFAs) is a fast-growing technology in development, with a wide range of applications in precision mechanics and nanotechnology. In turn, optical interferometry is an adequate technique to measure nano/micro-displacements and to characterize these MAPFAs. In this work, an efficient method for homodyne phase detection, based on a well-known Bessel functions recurrence relation, is developed, providing practical applications with a high dynamic range. Fading and electronic noise are taken into account in the analysis. An important advantage of the method is that, for each measurement, only a limited number of frequencies in the magnitude spectrum of the photodetected signal are used, without the need to know the phase spectrum. The dynamic range for phase demodulation is from 0.2 to 100π rad (or 10 nm to 16 μm for displacement, using 632.8 nm wavelength). The upper range can be easily expanded by adapting the electronic system to the signal characteristics. By using this interferometric technique, a new XY nanopositioner MAPFA prototype is tested in terms of linearity, displacement frequency response, and coupling rate.

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Section: Pernick Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide dynamic range homodyne interferometry method and its application for piezoactuator displacement measurements

et al. 2013

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“…A similar 1/f noise-voltage spectrum, or equivalently 1/f 2 power spectrum, has been reported for similar systems by several researchers. 9 " 1 ", 2 The main sources for this noise are the semiconductor junctions in the photodetector and the electronic circuitry following it. It is well known that the generation-recombination noise in semiconductors bears a 1/f 2 power spectrum.1 3 However, it has also been shown that different samples of lasers exhibit varying levels of 1/f 2 noise power, with care taken to avoid any ambiguities in the measurement."…”

Section: Experimental Reports and 1 /F Noise Voltagementioning

confidence: 99%

Minimum detectable phase shift in spectrum-analysis techniques of optical interferometric vibration detection

Sudarshanam

1992

Appl. Opt.

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The minimum detectable phase shift indicated in recent experimental reports of new linear spectrumanalysis techniques of optical interferometric vibration detection is established as the direct consequence of the 1/f noise voltage in the system components. The dynamic range and inaccuracy predicted by the simple theoretical model presented is in good agreement with experimental measurements. The conclusions of the analysis are compared with experimental reports of heterodyne shot-noise-limited optical systems. With this effective tool the generic class of spectrum-analysis techniques can be analyzed and relatively weighed to assess the effect of noise. This analysis is applicable to optical interferometry in general, although the experiments specifically involved fiber-optic modulators.

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“…The underlying principle is to measure the phase variation of a single light wavelength with distance by employing homodyne [9][10][11][12] or heterodyne phase-measuring electronics [13][14][15][16]. This single wavelength method leads to incremental displacement measurement with nanometer-region sub-wavelength resolutions over extensive ranges up to several meters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distance Measurements Using Mode-Locked Lasers: A Review

Jang

Kim

2018

Nanomanuf Metrol

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We present a progress review on the advance of distance measurements made at KAIST by making use of mode-locked lasers as the light source to meet ever-growing industrial demands on the measurement precision and functionality. Diverse principles exploited for the progress are described in this review with focus on four attributes: first, the optical spectrum of a mode-locked laser, distinctively called the frequency comb, permits multi-wavelength interferometry to be realized for absolute distance measurement up to several meters without losing the nanometer precision of well-established laser-based phase-measuring displacement measurement. Second, the frequency comb enables spectrally resolved interferometry for absolute distance measurement to be conducted with a nanometer resolution by Fourier transform analysis of the dispersive interference data captured using a spectrometer. Third, the mode-locked laser in the time domain appears as a train of ultrashort pulses, of which the time-of-flight is measured with a picosecond resolution by control of the pulse repetition rate with reference to the radio-frequency atomic clock. Fourth, the pulse-to-pulse cross-correlation occurring in the optical frequency domain is down-converted to the radio-frequency domain to achieve femtosecond pulse timing precision by means of dual-comb interference. All these principles based on unique spectral and temporal characteristics of ultrashort mode-locked lasers are anticipated to make contributions to the advance of nanotechnology particularly in manufacturing and metrology.

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Self-Consistent and Direct Reading Laser Homodyne Measurement Technique

Cited by 32 publications

References 10 publications

Wide dynamic range homodyne interferometry method and its application for piezoactuator displacement measurements

Wide dynamic range homodyne interferometry method and its application for piezoactuator displacement measurements

Minimum detectable phase shift in spectrum-analysis techniques of optical interferometric vibration detection

Distance Measurements Using Mode-Locked Lasers: A Review

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