Self‐care behavior prevention of COVID‐19 in the general population based on Pender Health Promotion Model: A cross‐sectional study

Abstract

Background and Aims Coronavirus with its sudden and widespread outbreak has obviously imposed devastating consequences in various aspects of human life. The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive value of Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM) structures in self‐care preventive behavior against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) among the general population of Ardabil, Iran. Methods The present retrospective descriptive‐correlational study was conducted on citizens of Ardabil aged 18 years and over in 2021. After dividing the city of Ardabil into four parts, 50 people from each area of the city and a total of 200 people were selected through the available sampling method through social media. Data collection tools included a demographic profile, perceived self‐efficacy scale, perceived emotional questionnaire, perceived social support questionnaire, perceived benefits and barriers questionnaire, researcher‐made COVID‐19 self‐care questionnaire, and commitment to action questionnaire based on Pender's HPM structures in an online manner. Data were analyzed by Amos 22 software and using structural equation modeling. Results According to the results, direct path analysis to COVID‐19 self‐care behavior indicated that the variables of perceived self‐efficacy ( β = 0.18, p < 0.01), interpersonal effects ( β = 0.19, p < 0.01), positive emotion ( β = 0.15, p < 0.05) and perceived benefits ( β = 0.20, p < 0.01) are able to significantly predict self‐care behaviors. Moreover, the bootstrapping test results in the indirect path analysis demonstrated that the variables of perceived self‐efficacy (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.012, 0.066), perceived social support (95% CI, 0.002, 0.026), and perceived barriers (95% CI, −0.019, −0.002) and benefits (95% CI, 0.001, 0. 015) through the mediator variable of commitment to action are able to significantly predict COVID‐19 self‐care behavior. Conclusions Based on the findings of the present study, it can be claimed that the proposed model of COVID‐19 self‐care behavior has an acceptable fitness in the general population. This model can be used in developing educational programs and intervention techniques to modify people's attitudes and behaviors.

Cognitive and Emotional Motivation to Explain Infection-Prevention Behaviors with Social Support as a Mediator During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study in Korea

“…These perceived barriers influenced their adherence to prevention behaviors, as supported by previous studies. 31,32 Similar to previous findings, 5,32,33 our results indicated that the construct of perceived threats (combining perceived susceptibility and perceived severity) significantly predicted the prevention behaviors for COVID-19. When people experienced the risk of COVID-19 and believed they were vulnerable to infection, they would be more willing to adopt preventive measures.…”

“…These perceived barriers influenced their adherence to prevention behaviors, as supported by previous studies. 31 , 32 …”

“…Consistent with this result, other studies have shown that interactions with family, friends, and neighbors during the COVID-19 pandemic supported the acquisition of information. 32,35,36 Meanwhile, getting help and support from others helps to reduce anxiety and loneliness and improve well-being, thus promoting compliance with various prevention behaviors 31,[37][38][39] such as increasing the frequency of handwashing and the likelihood of vaccination, 40,41 or reducing the likelihood of violating home quarantine guidelines. 42 The HBM provides insight into how and why people actively seek or forgo social support when facing disease.…”

How perceived risk influences college students' preventive behavior: Novel data of COVID-19 campus lockdown from Wuhan, China

“…That is, college students' PR might increase PB by reducing NA and increasing PA. NA strengthens counterproductive work behavior ( 87 ), like violating PB in the COVID-19 pandemic, and meanwhile negatively affects health behavior ( 88 ). Individuals with higher levels of PA are more likely to care for themselves ( 89 ) and show great potential in health behavior learning ( 90 ). PA can help people cope with PR, especially after the COVID-19 lockdown ( 91 ).…”