“…Won et al [ 10 ] and Ye et al [ 11 ] calibrated the accelerometer on the basis that the amplitude of the output vector of the tri-axis accelerometer equals 1 g. Studies [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ] presented several system-level calibration methods specific to the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) inertial measuring unit (IMU), but the calibration accuracy needs to be improved. The methods proposed in references [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ] are appropriate for the rotational INSs, and several novel methods are presented for the hybrid INSs in references [ 31 , 32 ]. Gao et al [ 22 ] used position error and velocity error as the observed quantities to estimate the nonlinear error coefficients.…”