Shifting four-electron (4e–) oxygen
reduction
in fuel cell technology to a two-electron (2e–)
pathway with traditional iron–carbon electrodes is a critical
step for hydroxyl radical (HO•) generation. Here,
we fabricated iron–carbon aerogels with desired dimensions
(e.g., 40 cm × 40 cm) as working electrodes containing atomic
Fe sites and Fe3C subnanoclusters. Electron-donating Fe3C provides electrons to FeN4 through long-range
activation for achieving the ideal electronic configuration, thereby
optimizing the binding energy of the *OOH intermediate. With an iron–carbon
aerogel benefiting from finely tuned electronic density, the selectivity
of 2e– oxygen reduction increased from 10 to 90%.
The resultant electrode exhibited unexpectedly efficient HO• production and fast elimination of organics. Notably, the kinetic
constant k
M for sulfamethoxazole (SMX)
removal is 60 times higher than that in a traditional iron–carbon
electrode. A flow-through pilot device with the iron–carbon
aerogel (SA-Fe0.4NCA) was built to scale up micropolluted
water decontamination. The initial total organic carbon (TOC) value
of micropolluted water was 4.02 mg L–1, and it declined
and maintained at 2.14 mg L–1, meeting the standards
for drinking water quality in China. Meanwhile, the generation of
emerging aromatic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (chlorophenylacetonitriles)
declined by 99.2%, satisfying the public safety of domestic water.
This work provides guidance for developing electrochemical technologies
to satisfy the flexible and economic demand for water purification,
especially in water-scarce areas.