Self-assembly of plant polyphenols-grafted soy proteins to manufacture a highly stable antioxidative Pickering emulsion gel for direct-ink-write 3D printing

3D Printing of Bioactive Gel-like Double Emulsion into a Biocompatible Hierarchical Macroporous Self-Lubricating Scaffold for 3D Cell Culture

“…In the current study, there is an important effect of the colloidal stability resulting from the presence of soy protein particles in DE-PU4 and DE-PU6. The soy protein particles improved the physical stability against droplet coalescence, resulting in the adsorption of particles at the interfaces and also their favorable flow behavior . It should be noted that the DE-PU8 emulsion showed a bigger droplet size with a physically unstable structure than those of DE-PU4 and DE-PU6.…”

“…Based on the microscopic images, the larger droplets appear most likely to be aggregates of the submicron emulsified droplets, formed during the emulsification process by collisions that occur simultaneously with size reduction in the presence of strong shearing forces. It was concluded that soy protein particles could produce a smaller droplet in W 1 /O/W 2 emulsions with superior physical stability against coalescence because of irreversible particle adsorption at the O/W interface …”

“…Similarly, the mean wear volume (Figure c) for DE-PU6 was also reduced by 75% compared to that of DE-PU0. This is likely associated with the improved antiwear and self-lubricating performances of these types of printed double emulsions …”

“…To determine the linear viscoelastic region (LVR), a stress sweep test (τ, 10 –1 –10 2 Pa) was primarily performed at a constant frequency of 10 rad s –1 to detect the corresponding elastic ( G′ ) and loss moduli ( G″ ). Moreover, the impact of the shear rate (0.1–10 3 s –1 ) on the apparent viscosity of the double emulsion was evaluated …”

“…Moreover, the impact of the shear rate (0.1−10 3 s −1 ) on the apparent viscosity of the double emulsion was evaluated. 66 Finally, a five-interval thixotropy test (5-ITT) was used to gather thixotropic data for the double emulsions. The 5-ITT detected the viscosity profiles of the samples under alternating high and low shear rates (80 or 0.1 s −1 ) for 500 and 510 s, respectively.…”