Self-assembly of mineralized collagen composites

Calcium orthophosphate-based biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials

“…The unique characteristics of bones are the spatial orientation between the calcium orthophosphate nanophase and collagen macromolecules at the nanolevel [35], where nanocrystals (about 50-nm-length) of biological apatite are aligned parallel to the collagen fibrils [21,22,31,38], which is believed to be the source of the mechanical strength of bones. The collagen molecules and the nanocrystals of biological apatite assembled into mineralized fibrils are approximately 6-nm-diameter and 300-nm-long [31,35,38,510,589].…”

“…The collagen molecules and the nanocrystals of biological apatite assembled into mineralized fibrils are approximately 6-nm-diameter and 300-nm-long [31,35,38,510,589]. Although the complete mechanisms involved in the bone building strategy are still unclear, the strengthening effect of apatite nanocrystals in calcified tissues might be explained by the fact that the collagen matrix is a load transfer medium and thus transfers the load to the intrinsically rigid inorganic nanocrystals.…”

“…In bones, both types of materials integrate each other into a nanometric scale in such a way that the crystallite size, fibers orientation, short-range order between the components, etc. determine its nanostructure and therefore the function and mechanical properties of the entire composite [29,[34][35][36][37][38]. From the mechanical point of view, bone is a tough material at low strain rates but fractures more like a brittle material at high strain rates; generally, it is rather weak in tension and shear, particularly along the longitudinal plane.…”

Advances in Collagen/Hydroxyapatite Composite Materials

“…Due to the importance of these composite materials thousands of papers and many comprehensive reviews are published yearly. Some of the most comprehensive reviews about bones and bone grafts materials based on collagen and/or hydroxyapatite were published in the last years by Cui at al (Cui et al 2007), Dorozhkin (Dorozhkin 2009), Murugan and Ramakrishna (Murugan and Ramakrishna 2005) and by Wahl and Czernuszka (Wahl and Czernuszka 2006). Some of the most recent advances in the field of COLL/HA composite materials are systematically presented below.…”

Binding and Release Characteristics of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 from a Collagen–Glycosaminoglycan Scaffold

“…[15][16][17] It has also been reported to promote chondrocyte adhesion via enhancing the attachment of chondronectin to collagen. 18 Previous studies have shown that the covalent attachment of CS to collagen matrices stimulated significantly higher chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage formation compared to collagen-only matrices both in vitro and in vivo. 16,19 The collagen-GAG scaffold in this study was cross-linked via a chemical carbodiimide method using 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide (EDC) and Nhydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and a physical method called dehydrothermal treatment (DHT).…”