Molecular
functionalization of nanoparticles and metallic substrates
can be used to tune their properties for specific applications. However,
polycrystalline substrates and nanoparticles exhibit surface planes
with distinct crystallographic orientations. Therefore, the development
of reliable strategies for molecular functionalization requires knowledge
of the role of the surface plane orientation in the growth kinetics,
structure, and properties of the molecular layer. Here, we apply a
combination of low-energy electron microscopy and diffraction, scanning
tunneling microscopy, and photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate
the self-assembly of 4,4′-biphenyl-dicarboxylic acid (BDA)
on Ag(111) and critically discuss the difference to Ag(100). The structural
motifs for intact and fully deprotonated BDA are similar on both surfaces,
however, the intermediate phases comprising partially deprotonated
BDA differ in structure and chemical composition. A real-time view
of the phase transformations enables us to present a generalized picture
of the phase transformations between the self-assembled molecular
phases on the surfaces and underline important features such as the
phase stabilization of the chemical composition and the mechanism
of the related burst transformation. The influence of the substrate
orientation on the structure of molecular layers and phase transformations
provides the necessary background for developing functionalization
strategies of the substrates displaying multiple surface planes and
kinetic models for the growth near thermodynamic equilibrium.