Self-assembly encapsulation of vanadium tetrasulfide into nitrogen doped biomass-derived porous carbon as a high performance electrochemical sensor for xanthine determination
Abstract:A self-assembly strategy was presented in this work for the synthesis of vanadium tetrasulfide nanospheres (VS4) embedded into nitrogen-doped biomass-derived porous carbon materials (abbreviated as VS4@N-BPC) utilizing birch bark as...
“…The XRD patterns indicate the phase purity of the as-synthesized VS 4 nanodendrites, and all the characteristic major peaks are in good agreement with the pure phase of the standard XRD powder pattern of VS 4 (PDF no. 21-1434) without notable impurities. , The main XRD peaks at 15.8 and 17° correspond to the (110) and (020) diffraction planes. As shown in the FTIR spectrum of the as-synthesized VS 4 nanodendrites (Figure S1), the peaks at 545 and 990 cm –1 share a striking resemblance to the v (V–S–V) doubly bonded S 2– , doubly bridged S 2– , and the v (VS) terminal S stretches, respectively.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although VS 4 submicrospheres with peroxidase activity have been previously synthesized for colorimetric detection of Lcysteine 25 and self-assembled encapsulated VS 4 nanospheres' nitrogen-doped porous carbon was also reported for electrochemical detection of xanthine, 26 its chemiluminescent application has never been reported.…”
“…The XRD patterns indicate the phase purity of the as-synthesized VS 4 nanodendrites, and all the characteristic major peaks are in good agreement with the pure phase of the standard XRD powder pattern of VS 4 (PDF no. 21-1434) without notable impurities. , The main XRD peaks at 15.8 and 17° correspond to the (110) and (020) diffraction planes. As shown in the FTIR spectrum of the as-synthesized VS 4 nanodendrites (Figure S1), the peaks at 545 and 990 cm –1 share a striking resemblance to the v (V–S–V) doubly bonded S 2– , doubly bridged S 2– , and the v (VS) terminal S stretches, respectively.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although VS 4 submicrospheres with peroxidase activity have been previously synthesized for colorimetric detection of Lcysteine 25 and self-assembled encapsulated VS 4 nanospheres' nitrogen-doped porous carbon was also reported for electrochemical detection of xanthine, 26 its chemiluminescent application has never been reported.…”
“…The raw and modified materials were characterized by pH at the zero point of charge, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray, X-rays diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller/Barrett-Joyner-Halenda analysis, 13 C NMR, and Thermogravimetry analysis couple to differential scanning calorimetry, in order to confirm the effect of calcination. It was found that ACCP has as specific surface area of 306.33 m 2 g À 1 , it is charged negatively in a solution with pH > 3.150 and charged DPV 20.0-80.0 5.30 [46] CD-Au-NPs/XO-ADA [b] CV 310.0-6800.0 150.0 [32] X n O x /nano-CaCO 3 /GCE [c] CV 0.025-2.0 2.0 [21] MIP/p(L-ser)/GCE [d] DPV 1-100 0.547 [47] VS4@N-BPC/GCE [e] DPV 0.092-163.6 0.053 [48] Au/OMCS/GCE [f] DPV 0.10-20 0.006…”
In order to propose an alternative for the sensors made with complex materials, a cheap and facile electrode material based on the preparation of activated carbon from cocoa pods (Theobroma cacao) has been proposed for the electroanalysis of xanthine (Xa). Raw cocoa pods (RCP) and activated carbon cocoa pods (ACCP) were prepared and characterized by pH at the zero point of charge, FTIR, SEM/SEM‐mappings, EDX, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, BET/BJH analysis, 13C NMR, and TGA/DSC. RCP and ACCP were drop coated on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrodes GCE/RCP and GCE/ACCP were used through differential pulse voltammetry to optimize the different parameters that can affect the determination of Xa and a calibration curve has been plotted in the range from 1.0 to 12.0 μM, leading to a detection limit of 0.264 μM. The interference, reproducibility, and stability were evaluated and the sensor was successfully applied in fresh fish sample. Therefore, the simple way of preparation of ACCP and the significant role played by GCE/ACCP in resolving the oxidation of Xa is expected to impact significantly the future sensor research through substitution of the costly and hazardous materials.
“…The amperometric analysis had a linear detection range for xanthine ranging from 1 to 120 μM, having a detection limit of 0.5 μM. Recently, development of an electrochemical biosensor using vanadium tetrasulfide nanospheres (VS 4 ) fixed into nitrogen-doped biomass-derived porous carbon materials (VS 4 @N-BPC) was reported for electrochemical xanthine determination [ 146 ]. Figure 5 ( i ) Scheme showing the CAT/PLL/f−MWCNTs/GCE preparation [Adapted with permission from ref.…”
Section: Nanomaterial-based Biosensors For Metabolites Detectionmentioning
Metabolites are the intermediatory products of metabolic processes catalyzed by numerous enzymes found inside the cells. Detecting clinically relevant metabolites is important to understand their physiological and biological functions along with the evolving medical diagnostics. Rapid advances in detecting the tiny metabolites such as biomarkers that signify disease hallmarks have an immense need for high-performance identifying techniques. Low concentrations are found in biological fluids because the metabolites are difficult to dissolve in an aqueous medium. Therefore, the selective and sensitive study of metabolites as biomarkers in biological fluids is problematic. The different non-electrochemical and conventional methods need a long time of analysis, long sampling, high maintenance costs, and costly instrumentation. Hence, employing electrochemical techniques in clinical examination could efficiently meet the requirements of fully automated, inexpensive, specific, and quick means of biomarker detection. The electrochemical methods are broadly utilized in several emerging and established technologies, and electrochemical biosensors are employed to detect different metabolites. This review describes the advancement in electrochemical sensors developed for clinically associated human metabolites, including glucose, lactose, uric acid, urea, cholesterol, etc., and gut metabolites such as TMAO, TMA, and indole derivatives. Different sensing techniques are evaluated for their potential to achieve relevant degrees of multiplexing, specificity, and sensitivity limits. Moreover, we have also focused on the opportunities and remaining challenges for integrating the electrochemical sensor into the point-of-care (POC) devices.
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