Self‐Assembled Two‐Dimensional Protein and Peptide Materials: Fabrication, Functionalization, and Applications

Aromatic Amino Acid-Dependent Surface Assembly of Amphiphilic Peptides for One-Step Graphite Exfoliation and Graphene Functionalization

“…31 The studies suggest that the properties of peptides and HOPG play a significant role in determining the assembled structures. 10,13,31 Interestingly, these nanostructures can be modified to enhance graphene's surfaces for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery and tissue engineering, depending on the type of peptide used. 13,32 A schematic diagram in Figure 4G provides a conceptual illustration of the mechanism underlying the porous structure of the C6W4 peptide when it is coated on the HOPG surface.…”

“…4,5,9−11 Several biomolecules, including proteins, DNA, RNA, and polysaccharides, have been employed in exfoliation. 4,5,10,12,13 While, due to the high molecular weight of these biopolymers, it is challenging to elucidate the detailed exfoliation mechanism, particularly the interaction between biopolymers and graphite or graphene, which is crucial for simultaneous graphite exfoliation and graphene nanosheet functionalization. Also, the functionalization of graphene relies heavily on biomolecules with a controlled design and known structure.…”

“…However, most graphene synthesis methods involve chemical processes to produce graphene that are water-dispersible, rendering the final product unsuitable for direct use in biological systems . One alternative is utilizing biomolecules to exfoliate graphite and produce graphene. ,,− Several biomolecules, including proteins, DNA, RNA, and polysaccharides, have been employed in exfoliation. ,,,, While, due to the high molecular weight of these biopolymers, it is challenging to elucidate the detailed exfoliation mechanism, particularly the interaction between biopolymers and graphite or graphene, which is crucial for simultaneous graphite exfoliation and graphene nanosheet functionalization. Also, the functionalization of graphene relies heavily on biomolecules with a controlled design and known structure.…”

“…Meanwhile, another study suggests that histidine alone can lead to the formation of a different uniform structure . The studies suggest that the properties of peptides and HOPG play a significant role in determining the assembled structures. ,, Interestingly, these nanostructures can be modified to enhance graphene’s surfaces for various biomedical applications, including drug delivery and tissue engineering, depending on the type of peptide used. , …”