Self-Assembled Epitaxial Au–Oxide Vertically Aligned Nanocomposites for Nanoscale Metamaterials

Li, Leigang; Sun, Liuyang; Gómez‐Díaz, J. S.; Hogan, Nicki; Lu, Ping; Khatkhatay, Fauzia; Zhang, Wenrui; Jian, Jie; Huang, Jijie; Su, Qing; Fan, Meng; Clement, Joachim H.; Jin, Li; Zhang, Xinghang; Jia, Quanxi; Sheldon, Matthew; Alù, Andrea; Li, Xiaoqin; Wang, Haiyan

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01575

Cited by 93 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Compared to the extensively studied oxide–oxide VAN34, 35, 36, 37, 38 and recently reported metal–oxide VAN,26, 39 the nitride–metal VAN exhibits surprisingly ordered Au nanopillars, forming the APL hybrid systems. The growth of the APL hybrid structure is dominated by the different growth mechanisms of the metal and nitride in the systems.…”

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confidence: 77%

Nanoscale Artificial Plasmonic Lattice in Self‐Assembled Vertically Aligned Nitride–Metal Hybrid Metamaterials

et al. 2018

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Nanoscale metamaterials exhibit extraordinary optical properties and are proposed for various technological applications. Here, a new class of novel nanoscale two‐phase hybrid metamaterials is achieved by combining two major classes of traditional plasmonic materials, metals (e.g., Au) and transition metal nitrides (e.g., TaN, TiN, and ZrN) in an epitaxial thin film form via the vertically aligned nanocomposite platform. By properly controlling the nucleation of the two phases, the nanoscale artificial plasmonic lattices (APLs) consisting of highly ordered hexagonal close packed Au nanopillars in a TaN matrix are demonstrated. More specifically, uniform Au nanopillars with an average diameter of 3 nm are embedded in epitaxial TaN platform and thus form highly 3D ordered APL nanoscale metamaterials. Novel optical properties include highly anisotropic reflectance, obvious nonlinear optical properties indicating inversion symmetry breaking of the hybrid material, large permittivity tuning and negative permittivity response over a broad wavelength regime, and superior mechanical strength and ductility. The study demonstrates the novelty of the new hybrid plasmonic scheme with great potentials in versatile material selection, and, tunable APL spacing and pillar dimension, all important steps toward future designable hybrid plasmonic materials.

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confidence: 77%

Nanoscale Artificial Plasmonic Lattice in Self‐Assembled Vertically Aligned Nitride–Metal Hybrid Metamaterials

et al. 2018

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“…As an initial demonstration, a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique has been used to directly grow Au‐LNO hybrid thin films. Unlike the prior demonstrations of pillar‐in‐matrix in hybrid oxide‐metal systems, the hybrid Au‐LNO films in this work form a unique nanoparticle‐in‐matrix structure. The effects of crystal structure and kinetic growth energy of this particular system on the overall morphology of the hybrid structure are explored by tuning the size, density, and distributions of the Au NPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Tailorable Optical Response of Au–LiNbO₃ Hybrid Metamaterial Thin Films for Optical Waveguide Applications

Huang

Jin

Misra

et al. 2018

Advanced Optical Materials

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range of optical functions. [1][2][3][4] Enormous developments in recent years on metamaterials, photonic and plasmonic nanostructures have demonstrated novel optical functionalities such as negative refractive index, large positive refractive index, high harmonic generations, and enhanced optical nonlinearities. [5][6][7][8][9] These novel properties lead to promising device demonstrations including superlenses, biosensors, subwavelength imaging, nanolasers, waveguides, etc., which are all important optical components for future photonic integrated circuits. [5][6][7][8][9] To integrate all the photonic structures and functionalities effectively, hybrid materials in a thin film fashion with versatile optical properties and easy on-chip device integration are very much needed.Hybrid materials consisting of metals and dielectric oxides as metamaterials have presented enormous potentials in achieving novel optical properties for the proposed optical components. In particular, gold (Au)-based hybrid materials have been widely explored for the applications in nanoscale photonic structures, such as nanophotonic switch, molecular trapping and detection, wavelength selective components, and nanophotonic waveguide. [10][11][12][13] Currently, most of the Au-based hybrid materials are fabricated by "top-down" methods, where the Au nanoparticles (NPs) are deposited on top of the substrates and then followed by a set of lithography and patterning processes using direct laser writing, e-beam lithography, or focused ion beam methods. [14][15][16] Another approach is by "bottom-up" templated-assisted electroplating methods. [6,17,18] However, both techniques involve multiple steps and tedious lithography and patterning process for largescale process. Thus, the research efforts in achieving nanoscale Au-based hybrid material systems remain as a focus.In terms of the selection of oxide dielectric materials, LiNbO 3 (LNO) has attracted great research interest in the past two decades, because of its multifunctional properties including ferroelectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, electro-optics, acousto-optical, birefringence, and nonlinear optical properties. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] LNO also presents enormous potentials in optical devices, such as electro-optical and acousto-optical modulators, Photonic integrated circuits require various optical materials with versatile optical properties and easy on-chip device integration. To address such needs, a well-designed nanoscale metal-oxide metamaterial, that is, plasmonic Au nanoparticles embedded in nonlinear LiNbO 3 (LNO) matrix, is demonstrated with tailorable optical response. Specifically, epitaxial and single-domain LNO thin films with tailored Au nanoparticle morphologies (i.e., various nanoparticle sizes and densities), are grown by a pulsed laser deposition method. The optical measurement presents obvious surface plasmon resonance and dramatically varied complex dielectric function because of the embedded Au nanoparticles, and its response can be well tailore...

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“…Complex functional oxide materials have received much interest for both the discovery of new material systems and the control of physical properties and multifunctionalities toward emerging technological developments of metamaterials, [1] www.advmat.de www.advancedsciencenews.com growth of two-phase oxide-metal nanocomposites, [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] achieving spatial ordering in nanoscale hybrid materials is still a great challenge with limited success. [18,26] In this work, we introduce a new design of a highly epitaxial ordered three-phase nanocomposite thin film (i.e., Au-BaTiO 3 -ZnO), for the first time, taking advantage of the vapor-liquidsolid (VLS) mechanism through a templating method using pulsed laser deposition, a physical vapor deposition (PVD) tool.…”

Section: Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐Assembled Ordered Three‐Phase Au–BaTiO₃–ZnO Vertically Aligned Nanocomposites Achieved by a Templating Method

Misra

Zhang

et al. 2018

Advanced Materials

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spintronics, [2] multiferroics, [3] and quantum systems. [4] Several two-phase nanocomposite systems, exhibiting multilayer or nanowire morphology, have been demonstrated for achieving enhanced physical properties, including ferroelectricity, [5] ferromagnetism, [6] magnetoresistance, [7] and exotic optical properties such as optical magnetism, [8] negative refraction, [9] and hyperbolic dispersion. [10] For example, hyperbolic metamaterials with ordered and anisotropic metal-dielectric nanocomposite designs support the propagation of high wavevectors. [11] Since very few hyperbolic materials exist naturally, this artificially engineered nanocomposite approach provides a multifunctional platform to realize such materials with applications in subdiffraction imaging, [12] sensing, [13] waveguiding, [14] and also offers an opportunity to achieve coupled electric, magnetic, and optical responses. However, due to the availability of a limited range of structures in terms of crystallinity and morphology, a greater design flexibility and a structural complexity along with versatile growth techniques are needed for developing next generation integrated photonic and electronic devices. This can be achieved by incorporating a third phase through the three-phase nanocomposite designs by judicious selection of materials and functionalities.Besides material selection, the spatial ordering of the phases has great impacts on the overall functionalities of nanocomposite materials. Previous efforts to grow ordered ceramicmetal nanocomposites have focused on applying patterning techniques such as anodized alumina oxide (AAO) templates, [15] e-beam lithography, [16] focused ion beam (FIB), [17] and substrate nanotemplate. [18] In contrast, a self-assembly approach for fabricating such ordered oxide-metal nanocomposites is costeffective and overcomes the resolution limitation and complex fabrication steps. Controlled synthesis of such self-assembled complex hybrid nanostructures with desired ordering and epitaxial quality remains a challenge. Specifically, large difference in surface energy, growth kinetics, and high tendency of oxidation and interdiffusion between vastly different phases remains as a major challenge and imposes difficulties in ordering control. Despite the recent success of the self-assembled epitaxial Complex multiphase nanocomposite designs present enormous opportunities for developing next-generation integrated photonic and electronic devices. Here, a unique three-phase nanostructure combining a ferroelectric BaTiO 3 , a wide-bandgap semiconductor of ZnO, and a plasmonic metal of Au toward multifunctionalities is demonstrated. By a novel two-step templated growth, a highly ordered Au-BaTiO 3 -ZnO nanocomposite in a unique "nanoman"-like form, i.e., self-assembled ZnO nanopillars and Au nanopillars in a BaTiO 3 matrix, is realized, and is very different from the random three-phase ones with randomly arranged Au nanoparticles and ZnO nanopillars in the BaTiO 3 matrix. The ordered three-phase "nanoman"-like structu...

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Self-Assembled Epitaxial Au–Oxide Vertically Aligned Nanocomposites for Nanoscale Metamaterials

Cited by 93 publications

References 47 publications

Nanoscale Artificial Plasmonic Lattice in Self‐Assembled Vertically Aligned Nitride–Metal Hybrid Metamaterials

Nanoscale Artificial Plasmonic Lattice in Self‐Assembled Vertically Aligned Nitride–Metal Hybrid Metamaterials

Tailorable Optical Response of Au–LiNbO₃ Hybrid Metamaterial Thin Films for Optical Waveguide Applications

Self‐Assembled Ordered Three‐Phase Au–BaTiO₃–ZnO Vertically Aligned Nanocomposites Achieved by a Templating Method

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Self-Assembled Epitaxial Au–Oxide Vertically Aligned Nanocomposites for Nanoscale Metamaterials

Cited by 93 publications

References 47 publications

Nanoscale Artificial Plasmonic Lattice in Self‐Assembled Vertically Aligned Nitride–Metal Hybrid Metamaterials

Nanoscale Artificial Plasmonic Lattice in Self‐Assembled Vertically Aligned Nitride–Metal Hybrid Metamaterials

Tailorable Optical Response of Au–LiNbO3 Hybrid Metamaterial Thin Films for Optical Waveguide Applications

Self‐Assembled Ordered Three‐Phase Au–BaTiO3–ZnO Vertically Aligned Nanocomposites Achieved by a Templating Method

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Tailorable Optical Response of Au–LiNbO₃ Hybrid Metamaterial Thin Films for Optical Waveguide Applications

Self‐Assembled Ordered Three‐Phase Au–BaTiO₃–ZnO Vertically Aligned Nanocomposites Achieved by a Templating Method