Self-Actualization and Self-Concept among Athletes

Comparison of Self-Concepts of Women High School and College Tournament Basketball Players

“…The lack of any significant difference among the high school and college players and the norm group was in agreement with the results of Ibrahim and Morrison (1976) and Vincent (1976), who used the TSCS in comparing athletes and nonathletes. It also provides a degree of support for Fitts' contention that there is no evidence to suggest that separate norms for the TSCS be developed for specific groups.…”

“…The significant differences between the high school players and the norm group on the behavior, physical self, family self, and distribution subscale scores are similar to those found by Ibrahim and Morrison (1976) when comparing high school female athletes and nonathletes. Although the previous investigators found only two differences (physical self and personality integration), the differences were in the same direction with the athletes receiving the lower scores.…”

“…Snyder and Kivlin (1975) found college female athletes showed more positive self-attitudes than nonathletes while Ibrahim (1967) reported that athletes felt less inferior than physical education majors and dancers. Conversely, Ibrahim and Morrison (1976) were unable to demonstrate any differences in self-concept when female athletes and nonathletes were compared, and Vincent (1976) reported that the only significant difference was that nonathletes scored higher in family self. Educational level may be a factor in feelings of self-worth between male athletes and nonparticipants in athletics.…”

“…Educational level may be a factor in feelings of self-worth between male athletes and nonparticipants in athletics. Both Schendel (1965) and Ibrahim and Morrison (1976) found different results between these groups at the high school level and college level. Schendel found the athletes had the more positive scores at the high school level while the nonparticipants received more positive scores at the college level.…”

“…A number of investigators have attempted to identify personality characteristics of highly skilled female athletes (Balazs, 1975;Johnson, 1972;Peterson, Weber, & Trousdale, 1967;Williams, Hoepner, Moody, & Ogilvie, 1970), while several have compared female athletes with other groups in the area of self-concept, psychological well-being, and temperament traits (Ibrahim, 1967;Ibrahim & Morrison, 1976;O'Connor & Webb, 1976;Snyder & Kivlin, 1975;Snyder & Spreitzer, 1976;Vincent, 1976). Results have varied.…”