Selectivity of the botanical compounds to the pollinators Apis mellifera and Trigona hyalinata (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Abstract

the toxicity of essential oils that can be used in insect pest management to pollinators needs further studies. Apis mellifera Linnaeus and Trigona hyalinata (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foragers were exposed by three pathways to ginger, mint, oregano and thyme essential oils to provide their Lc 50, LD 50 and Lc 90, LD 90 . oregano and thyme were more toxic through contact and topically for A. mellifera while the toxicity of mint and ginger was lower. Trigona hyalinata was more tolerant to the essential oils than A. mellifera. in the walking test, the area was treated (totally or partially) with sub-doses (Lc 50 ) obtained via contact. the area fully treated with oregano reduced the distance traveled and the movement speed increased the number of stops by A. mellifera. Similar results were observed for T. hyalinata with oregano and thyme oils. Apis mellifera showed irritability remaining shorter time in the area partially treated with ginger, mint and thyme essential oils while T. hyalinata had similar behavior with ginger and thyme. essential oils did not repel A. mellifera or T. hyalinata, but those of ginger, mint and thyme reduced the time spent by A. mellifera in areas treated with sublethal doses. oregano and thyme essential oils reduced the survival, mainly, of A. mellifera, while ginger and mint were selective for both pollinators.Bees are essential for plant propagation 1 , but factors such as pathogens, habitat losses and intensive pesticide use are reducing their populations 2 . The decline of bee colonies, known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), threatens pollination and the production of honey, propolis, royal jelly, and wax 3,4 . Bees are exposed to insecticides during the pollen and nectar harvesting through contact with the treated plant surface and the ingestion of sap from seeds coated with systemic insecticides 5,6 abamectin, acetamiprid, cartap-hydrochloride, chlorfenapyr, deltamethrin and thiamethoxam were toxic to Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) workers by direct spraying; diet treated and contact with pulverized leaves 2 . Larvae mortality was high and adult mobility of Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) low with diet treated with imidacloprid 7 . These insecticides act on arthropods, causing physiological and behavioral effects by directly interfering in the acetylcholine receptors 7 . In addition, insecticides may affect learning, foraging, growth, besides pupa malformation, adult emergence and reproduction 8,9 and caused irritability and repelled bees 7 . Residues in wax, nectar and pollen reduce the quality and value of these products 4 .The vulnerability of A. mellifera to pesticides has been studied 2,10 but the effect of these products on native stingless bees such as Trigona hyalinata (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) is little understood. The development period of stingless bees is generally longer than that of Apis spp., and, therefore, their survival is more under

Preparation and Characterization of Ginger Essential Oil Microcapsule Composite Films

“…Composite films of ginger essential oil microcapsules were prepared according to the process described in Section 2.3.1. With the elongation at break and thickness as indexes and other test conditions remaining stable, we changed and studied gelatin addition (2,4,6,8, and 10 g/100 mL), gelatin:glycerin ratio (1:0.2, 1:0.3, 1:0.4, and 1:0.5) (w/w), microcapsule addition (0, 0.34, 0.85, 1.36, 1.87, and 2.38 g/100 mL) (w/w), and drying condition (20, 30, and 40 • C).…”

“…Ginger oil has a strong inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and 30 multi-drug resistant A. baumannii clinical isolates [5]. Reportedly, spraying ginger essential oil on a plant's surface can shorten the residing time of pests and reduce the damage of pesticides to the environment and insects [6]. Ginger essential oil also has antibacterial and fresh-keeping effects on papaya that can help maintain its high quality [7].…”

Controlling varroa mites infesting honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) Using some essential oils and amitraz under colony conditions

“…Thyme, thyme oil, and its principal active ingredient thymol have antimicrobial, antifungal, and insecticidal capabilities for pest control [28] . Reference to previous research by da Silva et al, [29] Apis mellifera Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were exposed to ginger, mint, oregano, and thyme essential oils across three pathways to determine their LC50, LD50, and LC90, LD90, oregano, and thyme were more harmful to (Apis mellifera L.) through contact and topically, whereas mint and ginger were less hazardous. In the present study, the effect of Thyme oil on fallen mites started strongly and significantly during the first day of treatment giving (19.66±2.90) then sharply declined till the last day of treatments (22 days) represented 1.66±0.66.…”

Adding essential oils to emergence tents has taxon-specific effects on trapping efficiency of ground-nesting bees

“…The current bee-essential oil literature may not be particularly helpful in selecting candidate essential oils to improve e-tent efficiency. Most previous studies have been limited to a few large-bodied, generalist, eusocial, non-groundnesting species (da Silva et al 2020;Thomas 2011;Balbuena et al 2012;Stopfer et al 1997;Denker et al 2010), making it difficult to extend their results to predominately small-bodied, solitary, ground-nesting species. In fact, a recent study found that eusocial stingless bees and honey bees spent less time in areas with essential (da Silva et al potentially suggesting that scents like spearmint may negatively affect capture rate in similar species.…”