Selectively reduced contrast sensitivity in high schizotypy

Harper, Lauren; Spencer, Emily; Davidson, Charles S.; Hutchinson, Claire V.

doi:10.1007/s00221-019-05695-9

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Measures of the subjective experience of agency vary substantially across studies, from declarative self- vs. external attributions (13; 14; 15; 25), to changes in time perception (12; 19; 26; 27), and interference with motor performance (17). Likewise, ontological accounts of human agency range from philosophical theories of desires and means-end beliefs (28), to socio-cognitive constructs of self-regulation and self-reflectiveness (29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One hundred and twenty individuals (45 females; mean age = 23.7 ± 3.6) participated on MTurk (Amazon Mechanical Turk) for a $5 baseline compensation and up to $7 in additional earnings based on experimental contingencies. A power analysis performed on an independent sample (n=50), using G*Power 3.1 (17), revealed that a sample size of 115 would be required to detect a significant difference between self- and auto-play conditions in the preference for greater IT distances with a power of 0.90. All participants gave informed consent, and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of California, Irvine.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) is a four-scale questionnaire intended to assess dimensions of schizotypy, with scales corresponding, respectively to “unusual experiences”, “cognitive disorganization”, “introvertive anhedonia”, and “impulsive non-conformity”. In particular, the “unusual experiences” dimension has been phenomenologically related to positive symptoms of schizotypy (17; 18) and, thus, was of primary interest here. We hypothesized that differences along this dimension would predict individual differences in the preference for instrumental divergence (i.e., for a combination of high-divergence and self-play).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flexible Control as Surrogate Reward or Dynamic Reward Maximization

Liljeholm

2022

Preprint

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The utility of a given experience, like interacting with a particular friend or tasting a particular food, fluctuates continually according to homeostatic principles. Consequently, to maximize reward, an individual must be able to escape or attain outcomes as preferences change, by switching between actions. Recent work on human and artificial intelligence has defined such control in information theoretic terms. However, information theoretic measures do not necessarily correspond to an agent(&apos)s ability to escape or obtain sensory-specific states. In the current study, choice behavior was best described by a forward consideration of action values based on possible changes in outcome utilities. Consistent with previous work on agency and personality, individual differences in dimensional schizotypy were correlated with choice preferences in conditions with the greatest and lowest levels of instrumental control. The results contribute to a growing literature on the role of agency in goal-directed choice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flexible Control as Surrogate Reward or Dynamic Reward Maximization

Liljeholm

2022

Preprint

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“…Approximately ˜60% of individuals with schizophrenia have distortions in visual perception (Phillipson & Harris, 1985) and >33% experience visual hallucinations (Silverstein & Lai, 2021). The range of perceptual deficits is broad and includes worse performance in assessments of contrast sensitivity (Harper et al, 2020), detection of contour (Keane et al, 2014), color (Fernandes et al, 2019), biological motion (Okruszek & Pilecka, 2017) but see (Keane, Peng, et al, 2018), faces (McCleery et al, 2015), and stronger afterimages (Thakkar et al, 2021). The extent of afterimage deficits is clinically relevant as they predict illness severity (Keane, Cruz, et al, 2018).…”

Section: Oculomotor and Low-level Visual Deficitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Working Memory and Sensory Memory in Subclinical High Schizotypy: An Avenue for Understanding Schizophrenia?

Haigh

Berryhill

Kilgore-Gomez

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The search for robust, reliable biomarkers of schizophrenia remains a high priority in psychiatry. Biomarkers are valuable because they can track symptom progression and monitor treatment progress, and may predict who is at-risk of developing schizophrenia in the future. Despite the existence of various promising biomarkers that relate to symptoms across the schizophrenia-spectrum, and despite published recommendations encouraging multivariate metrics, they are rarely investigated simultaneously within the same individuals. In those with schizophrenia, the magnitude of purported biomarkers is complicated by comorbid diagnoses, medications, and other treatments. Here, we argue two points. First, we reiterate the importance of assessing multiple biomarkers simultaneously. Second, we argue that investigating biomarkers in those with schizophrenia-related traits (schizotypy) in the general population can accelerate progress in understanding the mechanisms of schizophrenia. We focus on biomarkers of sensory and working memory in schizophrenia and their smaller effects in individuals with nonclinical high schizotypy. We note irregularities across research domains leading to the current situation in which there is a preponderance of data on auditory sensory memory and visual working memory, but markedly less in visual (iconic) memory and auditory working memory. This imbalance is particularly evident when focusing on schizotypy. Together, this review highlights opportunities to address gaps in knowledge. We conclude by highlighting the theory that early sensory memory deficits contribute negatively to working memory and vice versa. This presents a mechanistic perspective where biomarkers may interact with one another and impact schizophrenia-related symptoms.

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“…McFarland, etc. showed that human sensitivity to light was reduced, with the dark adaptation time extended at the altitude of about 2200 m [2] . The visual contrast sensitivity (CS) and color contrast sensitivity (CCS) are very important part of vision, which are useful during detecting and distinguishing objects [3][4][5] . Connolly, etc showed that the CS and CCS were affected at the altitude of about 3000 m [6][7][8] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Mild and Moderate Acute Hypoxia on Visual Contrast Sensitivity

Yan

Zhao

Long

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Introduction: Acute hypoxia could hamper the visual performance during the aviation. In the study, we aimed to investigate the effects of acute hypoxia on the contrast sensitivity (CS) and the color contrast sensitivity (CCS).Methos: 12 healthy volunteers (aged 20-22 years old) were selected for CS and CCS examination at altitude of 300m, 3000m and 4500m by applying the hypobaric cabin to simulate acute hypoxia (3000m in height = mild hypoxia; 4500m = moderate hypoxia). All data were collected after the heart rate and the blood oxygen saturation became stable, and were analyzed by the paired student’s t-test. Results: The CS at the spatial frequency of 1.5 Cpd was significantly increased at the altitude of 3000m (P<0.05), while CS at the higher spatial frequencies was not significantly affected. The CS of 1.5 and 3.0 Cpd was increased at the altitude of 4500m (P<0.05), while the CS of higher spatial frequency did not change significantly. With the increased degree of hypoxia, the overall CCS was increased with a statistical difference at 4500m (P<0.05). The CCS of the temporal superior and inferior quadrants were significantly affected (P<0.05), while those in other quadrants were significantly changed. Conclusions: Mild and moderate acute hypoxia could affect the CS in the low spatial frequency. With the increased degree of acute hypoxia, CCS deteriorates with the temporal quadrant more vulnerable to be affected.

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Selectively reduced contrast sensitivity in high schizotypy

Cited by 8 publications

References 40 publications

Flexible Control as Surrogate Reward or Dynamic Reward Maximization

Flexible Control as Surrogate Reward or Dynamic Reward Maximization

Working Memory and Sensory Memory in Subclinical High Schizotypy: An Avenue for Understanding Schizophrenia?

Impacts of Mild and Moderate Acute Hypoxia on Visual Contrast Sensitivity

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